BROADCAST CHAIN

Consists of: Studio Outside Broadcast (OB) Transmission Operation Center (TOC) Production Operation Center (POC)

Television Studio
Studio Floor

VTR

Audio room

Prod. Room Lighting/ Area Dimmers CCU

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Eqpt. Room

Technical Facilities in a TV Studio

1. Camera - video signal source 2. Camera Control Unit (CCU) 3. Vision Mixer 4. Video Character generator (VCG) - generates characters for credit line etc

5. Digital Video Effects (DVE) - generates effects eg, 3D, zoom etc 6. Frame Synchronizer - to stabilize and synchronize incoming signals eg. From satellite, OB etc 7. Sync Pulse Generator (SPG) - master clock that coordinates the whole system. Generates pulses to sync all video signals. 8. Audio Console - mix and choose all audio sources
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Camera Control Unit (CCU)

Controls the various parameters of the camera: lens aperture zooming action beam focus and the brightness control of the camera video gain sensitivity blanking level video polarity
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Vision Mixer
is a cross bar type of switch which allows the selection of any one of a large number of inputs Switching the inputs on to any of the available output lines or outgoing circuits Mix/cut those signals The inputs: cameras, VTRs, test signals and outputs from special effect generators
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Sync Pulse Generator

A common source of deflection pulses such as sync and blanking pulses are used to keep the deflection circuits in phase with other all the time. Provides the following controlling and deflection pulses:- line drive or H-pulses at the rate of 15625Hz - field drive or V-pulses at the rate of 50 Hz
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- System blanking pulses at H and V rate - Camera blanking pulses at the H and V rate
Camera 1
Sync pulse generator SPG

Camera 2

Camera 3

VIDEO SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

CAM 1 CCU1 EDA EDA
TO MONITORS PGM1

TO AUDIO/

CAM 4 VTR

CCU4

EDA EDA

VISION MIXER EDA

LIGHTING PGM 2 TO VTR

OB VCG

FRAME EDA SYNC EDA

SPG
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Transmission Operation Center

Transmits TV programs according to schedule Its important feature is the on-air automation Handled by BTS on air automation system Integrated Control System - a software base system where all controls of matrixes and machines are carried out via the ICS Lan

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Production Operation Center

Main function is to distribute outside signals to any sections that required the signals for recording Comprise of: - Master Control Room (MCR) - VTR - International Room, handle all overseas signals. Has standard converters and vtrs.
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SIGNAL FLOW IN THE MCR (TOC-POC)

AUDIT. PERDANA OB Link from KL Tower. POC MATRIX 90 x 90 VTR-Rec

POC - MCR RTM.Link to KL Tower. to ASTRO (via Maxis Fibre) INT. ROOM

STD 1~5
TVRO. TOC incoming Dist.Amp. at TOC i/p Rack

TOC - MCR TEL. MicroWave Room. TOC MATRIX 50 x 50 TOC OUT MATRIX 10 x 10 Final TOC output DAs at TOC o/p rack TEL.Room

TEL. Equip .

to TEL. Control Centre JRC. (via Tel. Fibre)

Ext. VTR-Play Internal sources CONTY 1

OAA

MicroWave Room-8th Floor. TEL.Link to JRC.

Ext.
Internal sources Ext. ICS CONTY 2 Transfer Facility 1~3 (Win 3.11 WS)
OAA

Open Net LAN

CONTY 3

OAA

Internal sources

Integrated Control System for routing switchers and machine remote control.

On Air Automation Scheduling Editors 1~14 (NT-Workstation)

NT- Server Computer system for Scheduling.

Ethernet LAN

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TV Transmitters
Is a combination of video and audio transmitter Outputs from both are fed to a common transmitting antenna through feeder line connected to a combining unit called diplexer. Video is AM Audio is FM Tx operate in the UHF or VHF range.

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Block Diagram of a 10 kW VHF Transmitter

Video
Video I/P AMP sync regen Equalizer Phase compensation Video AMP

Output Xmitting Antenna

Filter Plexer

Crystal MO

Multipliers x2 x3 x 3

RF AMP

PA Driver 2 stages

Video o/p AMP

VSBF and Diplexer

10 kW

Audio
Pre-amp FM Modulator Multipliers x2x2x3x3 AMP PA Driver PA

2 kW

AFC

Xtal Osc.

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Video signal is processed through: Visual exerter unit consisting the video I/P amp and sync regenerator, equalizer and phase compensator Audio signal is processed in: Aural exciter unit Incoming audio frequency modulates FM carrier frequency to the final sound carrier frequency for the channel used

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TV Relay Systems
One of the common relay systems is the Microwave Communication Link System. Are e.m waves, wavelength : 1 m down to 1mm,frequency of 300 MHz to 300 GHz. Normal frequency : 2 GHz, 7 GHz and 13 GHz.

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Block Diagram of Microwave TV Relay System Transmitting Head

Receiving Head
Klystron Amp Reflex klystron Modulated
Amp

Mixer Unit

Modulated AMP

IF Amp

Audio i/p

Sound Mod. Diplexer

LIM. Discriminator

Audio Output

Diplexer Sound Demod

Video Input Video Output 18

Microwave links are commonly used for : 1. Studio-to-Transmitter Link (STL) - for the relay of programs from studio to transmitter 2. Outside Broadcast (OBs) - when live programs to be relayed from remote places to transmitter or TV studios 3. Inter-Station TV Relay Systems - interchange TV programs between TV stations
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Satellite Relay System

A communication satellite is one of the best TV relay systems Is essentially a microwave link repeater Receives the energy beamed at it by an earth station, amplifies and returns it to earth at a different frequency to prevent interference between up link and down link

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