Enzyme in diagnosis BCH 221

Dr. Samina Hyder Haq

Dr. Samina Hyder Haq

 The presence of elevated enzyme activity in the plasma may indicate tissue damage that is accompanied by increased release of intracellular enzymes

Dr. Samina Hyder Haq

 Alteration of plasma enzyme levels in disease states Plasma enzymes as diagnostic tools, Isoenzymes and diseases of the heart For example, the plasma levels of creatine kinase (CK) are commonly determined in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. They are particularly useful when the electrocardiogram is difficult to interpret, such as when there have been previous episodes of heart disease
Dr. Samina Hyder Haq

Enzymes in Major Diagnostic Use

Enzyme Disease Acid phosphatase Prostate cancer Alkaline phosphatase Liver and bone disease Amylase Acute pancreatitis Aspartateaminotransferase Liver and heart disease Alanineaminotransferase Viral hepatitis Creatininekinase Muscle disorders and myocardial infarction Lactate dehydrogenase Myocardial infarction Lipase Acute pancreatitis
Dr. Samina Hyder Haq

Serum E in Disease
Acid phosphatase: a tumour marker in prostatic carcinoma. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT):an indicator of hepatocellular damage. Alkaline phosphatase: increase in cholestatic liver disease and is a marker of osteoblast activity in bone disease. Amylase:an indicator of cell damage in acute pancreatitis .Aspartate aminotransferase(AST):an indicator of hepatocellular damage, or as a marker of muscle damage, such as a myocardial infarction (MI) .Creatine kinase:a marker of muscle damage and acute MI. -glutamyl transpeptidase:a sensitive marker of liver cell damage. Lactate dehydrogenase:a marker Haq muscle damage. of Dr. Samina Hyder

CoEnzyme
Organic, heat stable molecules. Needed by someE for their function. Take part in enzyme catalysis. Many obtained as water soluble vitamins.
ApoE + CoEHoloE (inactive)(Active)

2 Groups: Those involved in H Transfer. Those involved in transfer of groups other than H. (CoE serve as carriers of specific functional groups
Dr. Samina Hyder Haq

Co enzyme Group transfer 1In H + transfer NAD,NADP Hydrogen ion FAD,FMN Lipoic Acid Electron /H+ Electrons

Precursor in Diet Nicoteinic acid riboflaven Lipoic acid

Dr. Samina Hyder Haq

Co enzyme 2.Groups other than H + transfer

Group transfer

Precursor in Diet

Thiamine pyrophosphate( TPP)

Coenzyme A Pyrodixal phophate

Hydrogen ion

Thiamine ( Vitamin B12

Pentathonic acid Pyrodoxine(Vita min B6

Acyl group Amino acid

Dr. Samina Hyder Haq

Metals as cofactors
Metalloenzymes ApoE + Metal HoloE (active) Prosthetic group : if the metal is linked strongly to the E molecule. Some metals present in active site and play a role in the catalysis mechanism
Dr. Samina Hyder Haq

Metal ions as catalyst

Metal ion catalysis. Metal ions can function catalytically in several ways. For instance, a metal ion may serve as an electrophilic catalyst, stabilizing a negative charge on a reaction intermediate. The metal ion may generate a nucleophile by increasing the acidity of a nearby molecule, such as water in the hydration of CO2 by carbonic anhydrase Finally, the metal ion may bind to substrate, increasing the number of interactions with the enzyme and thus the binding energy. This strategy is used by NMP kinases
Dr. Samina Hyder Haq