DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : M. Vani
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : AEI
Institution : Dr. B. R. Ambedkar GMRP,KNR
Year/sem : IV-SEM
Subject : Process Instrumentation-II
Subject code : AEI-405
Topic : Miscellaneous measurement
Sub topic : Audio sensors
Duration : 100 minutes
Teaching aids : PPT, Visuals
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 Recap

In the last class we have studied about :

 Leak detector

 Water leak detectors

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 Objectives

Upon completion of this topic you would be able to

know about :

 Audio sensor (or) detector.

 Types of audio sensor.

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 Introduction

 Sound is defined as an oscillation in an elastic medium,

occurring within the frequency range to which the human
ear is sensitive.

 The audio frequency range is 20 to 20,000cycles /sec (Hz).

 The elastic medium is air.

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 Introduction…

 Sound wave occur

 as pressure wave or

 as particle -velocity or
 particle-displacement.

 Microphone is the device which converts pressure wave

into electrical.

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 Classification

 Microphones are classified according to the type of

response, whether the instrument is activated by

velocity, displacement, pressure of the sound waves.

 Ribbon microphone responds to velocity.

 Pressure –gradient microphone are sensitive to

difference in pressure between two points.

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 Classification…

 Ultrasonic microphones, respond only to frequency

above the hearing range i.e. about 25,000 to45,000 Hz.

 Other microphones are carbon, condenser, capacitor,

crystal.

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 Classification…

 Audio sensor is a device which gives information about the

sound.
 Sound may be of three types

1) low
2) medium
3) high
 The low, medium sound is good to hear but a high sound
is not audible to the human ear.
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 Classification…

 Audio sensor is a device which converts the mechanical

energy in electrical energy

 The sound is measured in decibels (db).

 The sound is nothing but vibrations caused in air.

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 Classification…

 If we consider about our surroundings, apart from the air

and water pollution we are also facing the problem of

sound pollution, which is to be reduced.

 Measures are to be taken to reduce the sound pollution.

 Thus different audio sensors are developed.

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 Explanation

 This type of microphone is mostly used for precision

measurements because of good frequency and large

dynamic pressure range

 This microphone consists of thin metallic diaphragm in

close proximity to a rigid back plate

 The diaphragm and the back plate form the plates of the

capacitor
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Condenser type microphone

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 Explanation

 The movement of the diaphragm caused by the

impinging of sound pressure results in a voltage given by

E ≈ Qd

 Where E = output

Q = Charge provided by the polarization

voltage

d = Separation of the plates

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 Explanation

 The microphone is provided with an air-leak for

equalization of the pressure on both sides of the

diaphragm to prevent the diaphragm from bursting

 The black plate also consists of damping holes

 The motion of air diaphragm causes air flow through the

holes which results in energy dissipation due to fluid

friction
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 Explanation

 This damping effect is utilized in the control of resonant

peak of the diaphragm response

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 Electrodynamic microphone

• It is based on the principle of generation of emf when a

moving coil is placed in magnetic field
• The Fig. shows the typical construction of it
• The sensing diaphragm is attached to a coil or ribbon
placed within the poles of a permanent magnet
• The movement of the magnet due to acoustic pressure
generates the analogous induced voltage in the coil

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Electrodynamic microphone

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Audio sensor 1

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Audio sensor 2

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Audio sensor 3

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 Summary

In this class we have learnt :

 Audio sensor

 Types of audio sensors

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 Quiz

1. Sound energy is measured in

a) Decibels

b) Kilograms

c) Liters

d) none

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 Frequently asked questions

1. What is meant by audio sensor. Explain ?

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Thank you

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