MAT 123 (FOUNDATIONS OF GEOMETRY)

WHAT IS GEOMETRY ?
Geometry is the study of shapes They studied Geometry in Ancient Mesopotamia & Ancient Egypt Geometry is important in the art and construction fields Famous Greek mathematicians and geometers : Euclid, Archimedes,

UNDEFINED TERMS
POINTS, LINES AND PLANES These three concepts are so fundamental that there are no other words to define them We will just discuss their features

FEATURES OF A POINT

An exact location in space Points have no dimension (zero dimensional) No length, width or height Points are represented by a dot Usually named with a capital letter

FEATURES OF A LINE
Lines are one dimensional Has infinite length, but no width or height Contains an infinite number of points

Line m or line QR

FEATURES OF A PLANE

A plain is a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions Planes are two dimensional A plane has infinite length and width but no height Contains an infinite number of points and an infinite number of lines Imagine sitting on a row boat in the middle of the ocean. No matter which way you lookall you see is waterforever.

RAY
A RAY is part of a line, but it has one endpoint and the other end keeps going. Notation : SW represents the ray that start at point S and extends in the direction of point W W

LINE SEGMENT

Part of a line that has two endpoints Notation : HA H

ANGLE
An angle is formed when two rays have the same endpoint. This endpoint is called the vertex. The two rays that form the angle are called sides. Notation : RDE R E

OTHERS

Parallel Lines
Lines do not intersect

but are in the same plane

Intersecting Lines
Lines meet at one

point

Perpendicular Lines
Lines form a right

angle

Skew Lines
two lines that do not

intersect and are not parallel

EXAMPLES :
Draw one figure that contains the following objects :
a)

RXY, AB, BJ, Q, BS

FBH, DE, AE, CG

b)

VOCABULARY

An axiom (or postulate) : an assumption that can be made from basic information without requiring proof, or an accepted statement of fact
Theorem : a statement that can be proven using one or more postulates along with common math techniques

VOCABULARY

Corollaries : a statement that follows

readily from a previous statement. In mathematics a corollary typically follows a theorem

Lemmas : A subsidiary or

intermediate theorem in an argument or proof

VOCABULARY

collinear : points lie on the same line

Non-collinear : points do not lie on

the same line congruent : two or more objects are called congruent if the have the same shape and measure(s) Notation : = or

VOCABULARY
Bisector : -a ray that in the interior of an angle and forms two equal angles with the sides of that angle or -the line that divides something into two equal parts. To bisect an object : to divide into two congruent parts

Midpoint : refer to bisector

VOCABULARY

coplanar: A set of points, lines, line segments, rays or any other geometrical shapes that lie on the same plane are said to be coplanar.

All the points A, B, C, and D in the plane P are coplanar

EUCLIDS POSTULATES

Two points determine a unique line segment A line segment can be extended indefinitely along a line A circle can be drawn with a center an any radius All right angles are congruent If two line are cut by a transversal, and the interior angles on the same side of the transversal have a total measure of less than 180, then the line will intersect on that side of the transversal

EUCLIDS THEOREMS
From the above postulates we can deduce all the theorems of Euclidean geometry: You can only draw one line between two points. There's 360 around a circle. Two lines can intersect at ONLY one point.

EUCLIDS THEOREMS
An angle can only have one bisector. Any geometric shape can be moved without changing its shape A line segment will always be the shortest distance between two points on a plane If two points lie in a plane, the line containing the points lie in the plane.

EUCLIDS THEOREMS
When two planes intersect, their intersection is a line. ALL lines and planes are sets of points. Every line has a coordinate system. (The Ruler Postulate)

EXAMPLES :
1.

The term between can only be applied to collinear points

Refer to the figure below and answer the following questions,

a) Point N is between which pair(s) of points? b) How many pairs of points is point D between? c) How many pairs of points is point A between?

EXAMPLES :
2.

In the following figure below BD = 20, AC = 12 and CD = 5. Use the information to find AB.

EXAMPLES :
3.

Given that point M is the midpoint of line segment AB, find AM, MB and AB.

6(4 + x) 8(5 - x)

EXAMPLES :

A wire 180 centimeters long is to be cut into three pieces. The length of one piece is three times the length of the second. the length of the third pierce is 12 centimeters shorter than twice the length of the second. Find the length of each piece. A wire is 20 feet long. It needs to be cut into two pieces. The larger piece needs to be 3 feet longer than twice the length of the smaller piece. How long should both pieces be?

PROOF

Why study proof ? # The goal of every geometry student is to be able to eventually put what he or she has learned to use by writing geometric proofs.

The two major ways to prove a conclusion are by direct proof and by indirect proof

PROOF (terms)
Auxiliary Lines - Lines that are created to help prove a statement. Contradiction - The situation that occurs when the negation of a true statement is also true. A contradiction signifies that there has been a mistake in reasoning, and can be used in building indirect proofs. Geometric Proof - A step-by-step explanation that uses definitions, axioms, postulates, and previously proved theorems to draw a conclusion about a geometric statement. There are two major types of proofs: direct proofs and indirect proofs.

PROOF (terms)
Direct Proof - A proof in which the conclusion

is drawn directly from previous conclusions, starting with the first statement.
Indirect Proof - A proof in which a statement is shown to be true because the assumption that its negation is true leads to a contradiction.

Paragraph Proof - A kind of proof in which the steps are written out in complete sentences, in paragraph form. Identical in content, but different in form, from a two-column proof.

PROOF (terms)
Two-Column Proof - A kind of proof in which the statements (conclusions) are listed in one column, and the reasons for each statement's truth are listed in another column. Identical in content, but different in form, from a paragraph proof.

DIRECT PROOF (EXAMPLE)

Given: Segment AD bisects segment BC. Segment BC bisects segment AD. Prove: Triangles ABM and DCM are congruent.

INDIRECT PROOF (EXAMPLE)Given: Circle F is inscribed in

triangle ABC. Prove: Angle DCF is congruent to angle ECF.

Auxiliary Lines (EXAMPLE) Given: Line PQ is the perpendicular

bisector of segment AB. Prove: Point P is equidistant from points A and B.

PROOF
Direct and indirect Proofs http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/math/ geometry/GPAA/WhyProofs.htm http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/math/ geometry/GP3b/indirectlesson.htm http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/math/ geometry/GP3/styleofproof.htm

REASONING
Deductive Reasoning - A form of reasoning by which each conclusion follows from the previous one; an argument is built by conclusions that progress towards a final statement. Inductive Reasoning - A form of reasoning in which a conclusion is reached based on a pattern present in numerous observations.

REASONING
Inductive and deductive reasoning http://changingminds.org/disciplines/argum ent/types_reasoning/induction.htm http://changingminds.org/disciplines/argum ent/types_reasoning/deduction.htm http://www.sparknotes.com/math/geometry 3/inductiveanddeductivereasoning/summar y.html