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 In sexual reproduction, two gametes fuse to form a zygote,

which then grows into a new individual. Fusion of gametes is called fertilization. The process of gamete formation involve a meiotic (meiosis) division. That is, gametes are haploid and fertilization restores the diploid number of chromosomes. The offspring produced by sexual reproduction are unique, in complete contrast to offspring formed by asexual reproduction. The new individuals difference from their parents and from each other.
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 Male and female gametes differ in size and behavior. Male gametes are small and motile.

Female gametes are large and stationary (not moving)

This is because of the different roles. The roles of the male gametes is to move efficiently

to reach the female gamete and fertilization. In animal, the reproductive organ placed in the different individual called unisexual animal Animal that have both of sexual organs in the same individual -called bisexual animal or hermaphrodite
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There are 2 types of reproduction in animal 1. External reproduction

occur in aquatic animals Examples : fish and frog Disadvantages a part of eggs may be not be found by sperm.

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2. Internal reproduction
involved the male female reproduction organ occur in female body sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract

and fertilization occurs within the tract

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 Isogamy
both gametes cannot be distinguished in form, size and ways

of moving

Anisogamy
both gametes slightly different where male are smaller than

female gametes

Oogamy
female gametes are non-motile and are bigger than male

gametes which can motile.

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Sexual reproduction in flowering plants (Angiospermophyta)

Flowering plants contain reproductive organs

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 The four kinds of floral organ are the sepals, petals, stamens and carpals

Flower parts are attached to the receptacle, which is the swollen region at the end of the peduncle, the stalk of the flower
Sepals and petals are non-reproductive organs, but they do play important roles in reproduction. Sepals, which enclose and protect the floral bud before it opens, are usually green and more leaf like in appearance. Collectively of sepals called calyx
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 Petals, which are brightly colored and advertise the

flower to attract insect and other pollinators Corolla is the collectively of petals The male parts of the flower are the stamens Each stamens consists of an anther at the end as stalklike filament The stamens are known collectively as the androecium's The anthers contain the pollen grains in pollen sacs.
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 The female parts are the carpel's. A flower may contain a single or many carpel's.

Each carpels consists of an ovary, which contains one or

more ovules. A stigma, which is the surface for pollen grains and the style, which connects stigma and ovary. The carpels are known collectively as the gynaecium The ovule contains an embryo sac, in which are contained the egg cell and the endosperm nucleus.

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 Plants biologist distinguish between complete flowers,

those having all four organs, and incomplete flowers, those lacking one or more of the four floral parts. A bisexual flower (in order terminology a perfect flowers) is equipped with both stamens and carpels A unisexual flower is missing stamens or carpels A monoecious plant has the stamens and carpels in separate flowers on the same plants A dioecious plants has stamens and carpels on the separate plant

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Pollination
The male gametophyte begins its develop within the pollen

sacs (sporangia) of the anther The female gametophyte begins to develop within the ovules of the ovary The development of angiosperm gametophyte involves meiosis and mitosis

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Male Gametophyte
The male gametophyte begins its development within the

pollen sac (sporangia) of the anther Within the pollen sac are microsporocyte, each of which will from 4 haploid microspores through meiosis A microspore divides once by mitosis and produce a generative cell and a tube cell The generative cell will eventually form a sperm The tube cell, enclosing the generative cell, produce the pollen tube, which delivers sperm to the egg This is a pollen grain (generative and tube cell), animmature male gametophyte A pollen grain become a mature gametophyte when the generative cell divides by mitosis to form two sperm cell.
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Female Gametophyte
Ovules, each containing a single sporangium, form within

the ovary One cell in the sporangium of each ovule, the megasporocyte, growths and then goes through meiosis, producing 4 haploid megaspores In many angiosperm, only one megaspore survives This megaspore divides by mitosis three times, resulting in one cell with 8 haploid nuclei

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 At one end of the egg sac, two synergid cells flanks the egg

cell or female gametophyte The synergids function in the attraction and guidance of the pollen tube At the other end of the egg sac are three antipodal cell of unknown function The other two nuclei, the polar nuclei, share the cytoplasm of the large central cell of the embryo sac The ovule now consist of the embryo sac and the surrounding integuments (covering the ovule)

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Triploid cell

OVULE

zygote Cotyledons Endosperm Shoot Seed coat

Two cell

embryo Root
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 Fertilization in flowering plants occur after an appropriate

pollen grain has landed on the stigma, and germinated there The generative cell divides by mitosis to produce two sperm, the male gametophyte The pollen tube grown down between the cells of the style, through the microphyle and into the embryo sac The pollen tube delivers the two sperm into the embryo sac

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 One sperm then fuses with the egg nucleus in the embryo

sac to form zygote(2n) The other sperm fuse with the two polar nuclei to form a triploid nucleus(3n) in the central cell This large cell will give rise to the endosperm, a food-storing tissue of the seed This unique process is called double fertilization After double fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed and the ovary develops into a fruit

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Life cycle of plants

Seed with two embryo (2n) Mitosis Flowering plant (2n) sporophyte

Mitosis Mitosis Zygote (2n) + endosperm (3n) Carpel (2n) Sporophyte phase Stamen (2n) Mitosis

fertilization

------------------------------------------------------Gametophyte phase

Meoisis

-----------------

Meoisis

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Embryo sac (n) (megaspore)

Pollen grain (n) (microspores)

Egg cell in embryo sac(n) + endosperm nucleus Male nuclei in pollen tube
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