The Pennsylvania State University

School of Engineering Design, Technology, and Professional Programs

FUNCIONES Y ESPECIFICACIONES

Ivan E. Esparragoza, PhD

Funciones y Especificaciones
Enunciado del problema Proyecto

Functions and Specifications

Customer Statement (Need)

Problem Definition Literature search Market studies Focus groups Observations Benchmarking Patents search Product dissection Clarify objectives Establish user requirements Identify constraints Establish functions

Conceptual Design Biomimicry Brainstorming Systematic generation of ideas Establish design specifications Generate alternatives Evaluate and select alternatives

Hoja de ruta

Funciones vs. Especificaciones

Definicion de Funciones
Estructura de Funciones Arbol Funcion-Medios Especificaciones de diseo Lista de requerimientos Matriz Objetivos-Metricas Casa de la calidad

Funciones vs. Especificaciones

Como puede un diseador expresar en trminos de ingeniera lo que quiere el cliente? Funciones y especificaciones funcionales:

Nos dicen que debe hacer el objeto diseado para conseguir el objetivo establecido.

Especificaciones de desempeo:

Nos dicen que tan bien el objeto diseado debe hacer algo

Definicin de Funciones (1 de 2)

Para los diseadores, las funciones son las cosas que el objeto diselado debe hacer para ser exitoso. Como tal, el enunciado de una funcin usualmente consiste de un verbo de accin o un nombre.

Ejemplo de verbos de accin:

Elevar Subir Mover Calentar Iluminar soportar, etc

Definicin de Funciones (1 de 2)

De manera general, las funciones transforman variables independientes (inputs) en una respuesta o variable dependiente (outputs).

Independent Variables (INPUT)

Transformation (FUNCTION)

Dependent Variables (OUTPUT)

Estructura funcional (1 de 5)

Todos los problemas de diseo deben ser descompuestos en el diseo de subsistemas funcionalmente independientes. Funciones globales o basicas:

El trabajo especifico que un proyecto, proceso, o procedimiento est diseado para cumplir.

Sub-funciones o funciones secondarias:

Cualquier otra funcion (es) necesarias para hacer la funcion basica.

Aquellas que resultan de hacer la funcion basica.

Estructura funcional(2 de 5)

Diagrama de funcion global (Caja negra):

El diagrama de funcion global se representa como una caja negra que muestras las entradas y salidas al sistema, incluyendo el flujo de energia, materiales, e informacion desde el entorno. Las funciones basicas y las subfunciones no apareceran en este diagrama.

Black Box

INPUT

FUNCTIONS

OUTPUT

Estructura funcional (3 de 5)

Bloques de funciones (Caja transparente):

Los bloques de funciones se usan para representar las relaciones entre las funciones y las sub-funciones. Al objetivo de estos es asistir al diseador para buscar y establecer una estructura funcional optima.

El proposito primario de las estructuras funcionales es facilitar el descubrimiento de soluciones. La estructura funcional es representada por una caja transparente donde las relaciones entre las funciones y subfunciones dentro de la caja negra se muestran.

Estructura funcional (4 de 5)
Bloques de funciones

Estructura funcional (5 de 5)
Ejemplo: aplasta-latas
Crushed cans Intact cans Tabs removed Liquid from cans INPUT FUNCTIONS OUTPUT

Can Crusher

Force

Force

Liquid

Force

Intact cans
Align can

Can holder

Punch can to remove liquid

Crush can

Send crushed can to bin

Crushed cans

Tab holder

Remove tab

Send tap to recycle bin

Force

Force

Separate tabs

Arbol Funcion-Medios (1 de 2)

El arbon funcion-medios es una representacin grfica de las funciones basicas y secundarias (o subfunciones) El nivel mas alto del arbol muestra la funcion (es) bsica (s) que se deben lograr. Cada nivel sucesivo alterna entre mostrar medios por los cuales las funciones primarias podrian ser implantadas y mostrar las funciones secundarias que se hacen necesarias para esos medios.

Arbol Funcion-Medios (2 de 2)
Ejemplo: Aplasta latas

Can Crush

Functions (Rectangles)

Mechanical

Electrical

Hydraulic

Means (Trapezoids)

Apply human force

Generate mechanical advantage

Transfer force into mechanism

Use electric motors

Transfer torque and rotational motion to a linear mechanism

Use sensors and switches

Use hydraulic pump

Transfer force and motion into crushing mechanism

Use sensors and switches

Wall outlet powered

Battery powered

Manual

Electrical

Mechanical

Electronics

Mechanical

Electronics

Especificaciones de diseo (1 de 4)

Las especificaciones de ingenieria son el re-enunciado del problema de diseo en terminos de parametros que puedan ser medidos y que tengan valores meta.
FUNCTION OBJECTIVE
Statement of the required or desired features and attributes

SPECIFICATION
Articulation of the attributes of the design in terms of measurable parameters

Statement of what a design must achieve or do.

EXAMPLE FUNCTION
Support a person in a sitting position Low weight Safe

OBJECTIVE

SPECIFICATION
Weight less than 400 N Supports 6000 N Height does not exceed 500 mm

Especificaciones de diseo (1 de 4)

Las especificaciones de ingenieria son el re-enunciado del problema de diseo en terminos de parametros que puedan ser medidos y que tengan valores meta.
FUNCTION OBJECTIVE
Statement of the required or desired features and attributes

SPECIFICATION
Articulation of the attributes of the design in terms of measurable parameters

Statement of what a design must achieve or do.

EXAMPLE FUNCTION
Support a person in a sitting position Low weight Safe

OBJECTIVE

SPECIFICATION
Weight less than 400 N Supports 6000 N Height does not exceed 500 mm

Especificaciones de diseo (2 de 4)

Las especificaciones de diseo o requisitos se presentan en tres formas que representan lo que quiere el usuario en terminos apropiados para analisis y diseo de ingeniera:

Especificaciones prescritas especifican valores para los atributos del objeto diseado. Especificaciones de procedimiento identifican procedimientos especificos para calcular atributos o comportamiento. Especificaciones de desempeo identifican niveles de desempeo que significan el logro del comportamiento funcional deseado.

Especificaciones de diseo (3 de 4)

PRESCRIPTIVE SPECIFICATIONS
It is made out of Aluminum alloy 7075-T6 and the longest member does not exceed 500 mm.

PROCEDURAL SPECIFICATIONS
Its maximum normal stress is computed from

PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
It supports a weight of 6000 N

max

Pcr A

And it should not exceed the maximum allowable stress for axial loading and buckling

Especificaciones de diseo (4 de 4)

Metodo de especificaciones de desempeo :

1. Consider the different levels of generality of solution that might be applicable 2. Determine the level of generality at which to operate Specifications that are set at too high level may allow inappropriate solutions

Too tight specifications may remove all the designers freedom and creativity.

Some of the requirements in the customer 3. Identify the required performance statement are must meet (demands) and attributes others are desirable (wishes). 4. State succinct and precise performance requirements for each attribute The attributes that can be written in quantified terms must be identified.

Lista de Requerimientos (1 de 3)

Antes de adoptar una cierta solucin, se debiera crear una lista de requerimientos incluyendo:

Demandas: Requirimientos que debern ser cumplidos bajo cualquier circunstancia Deseos: Requirimientos que debiern ser tomados en consideracin

Especificaciones cuantitativas: Toda la informacin que involucre numeros y magnitudes.

Especificaciones cualitativas : Toda la informacin que involucre variaciones permisibles o requerimientos especiales

Lista de Requerimientos (2 de 3)
Checklist for drawing up a requirement list Main Heading
Geometry Kinematics Forces Energy Materials Signals Safety Ergonomics Production Quality Control Assembly Transport Operation Maintenance Recycling Costs Schedule

Examples
Size, height, breadth, length, diameter, space, requirement, number, arrangement, connection, extension Type of motion. Direction of motion, position, velocity, acceleration Direction of the force, magnitude of force, frequency, weight, load, deformation, stiffness, elasticity, stability, resonance Output, efficiency, loss, friction, ventilation, state, pressure, temperature, heating, cooling, supply, storage, capacity, conversion Physical and chemical properties of the initial and final product, auxiliary materials, prescribed materials (food regulation, etc.) Inputs and outputs, form, display, control equipment Direct safety principles, protective systems, operational, operator and environmental safety The man-machine relationship, type of operation, clearness of layout, lighting, aesthetics Factory limitations, maximum possible dimensions, preferred production methods, means of production, achievable quality and tolerances Possibilities of testing and measuring, application of special regulations and standards Special regulations, installation, sitting, foundation Limitations due to lifting gear, clearance, means of transport (height and weight), nature and conditions of dispatch Quietness, wear, special uses, marketing area, destination (for example, sulphurous atmosphere, tropical conditions) Servicing intervals (if any), inspection, exchange and repair, painting, cleaning Reuse, reprocessing, waste disposal, storage Maximum permissible manufacturing cost, cost of tooling, investment and depreciation End date of development, project planning and control, delivery date.

Lista de Requerimientos (3 de 3)
Penn State Changes D W
D D W W D D D

Requirement list for the Can Crusher Requirements

1. Geometry Dimensions < 1x1x0.5 m Required loading high from the floor < 1.2 m Storage capacity > 100 crushed cans Storage capacity > 500 tabs Round corners Number of parts < 100 Internal parts enclose > 95% 2. Kinematics Precise position for crushing Mechanical advantage > 7 Crushing time < 5 s 3. Forces External applied force < 15 N Crushing force > 600 N Perforating force > 300 N 4. Material Free from rust 5. Safety Stops < 2 s Noise level < 30 dB 6. Signals One red light indicating operation One green light indicting idle Sticker explaining operation 7. Operation Steps to operate 2 People able to use it > 5 years old 8. Maintenance Number of hours for maintenance < 2 per year Number of hours for cleaning < 1 per week 9. Costs Customer cost < $100 Operation cost < $5/month Maintenance cost < $20/year Cost of replacement parts < $10/year Manufacturing cost < $80

Issued: 07/27/07 Resp.

W D W

D D D

D D

The Design Team

W W D

D D

W W

W D W W D

Matriz Objetivos-Metricas (1 de 3)

Una matriz simple objetivos-metricas representa la relacion entre objetivos y metricas. Esta matriz es un elemento clave de la Casa de la Calidad una tcnica grafica usada en el Despliegue de la Funcin Calidad En muchos casos, la informacin de la matriz se puede comunicar facilmente en un formato de lista.

Low noise

Easy to clean

Pleasing to eye

No sharp edges

Matriz Objetivos-Metricas (2 de 3)

Paintable surfaces

Corrosion resistant

Low operation cost

Size of cans variable

Low cost to costumer

Low maintenance cost

Crush one can at a time

Easy access to clear jam

Empty cans before crushing

Stops easily and immediately

Internal parts totally enclosed

Low cost of parts replacement

Removable receiving containers

Rendered inoperable when opened

Transparent cover to view operation

Design Objectives

Internal parts save from liquid damage

Easy to use with minimum effort for the user

Metrics

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l l l l l l l l

Dimensions < 1x1x0.5 m Require loading height from the floor < 1.2 m Storage capacity > 100 crushed cans Storage capacity > 500 tabs Round corners Number of parts < 100 Internal parts enclosed > 95% Precise position for crushing Mechanical advantage > 7 Crushing time < 5 s External applied force < 15 N Crushing force > 600 N Perforating force > 300 N Free from rust Stops < 2 s Nose level < 30 dB One red light indicating operation One green light indicating idle Sticker explaining operation Steps to operate 2 People able to use it > 5 years old Number of hours for maintenance < 2 per year Number of hours for cleaning < 1 hour per week Customer cost < $100 Operation cost < $5/month Maintenance cost < $20/year Cost of replacement parts < $10/year Manufacturing cost < $80

Casa de la calidad (1 de 3)

Despliegue de la funcin calidad (QFD) es una metodologa que usa una matriz (Casa de calidad) para:

Definir los deseos de los clientes Priorizar estos deseos Traducirlos en requerimientos de ingeniera (especificaciones) Establecer metas para alcanzar los requerimientos.

Casa de la calidad (2 de 3)

Correlation matrix Coupling Hows vs. Hows

Engineering characteristics and specifications Functional Requirements Hows (Measures, metrics)

Existing products Now

Customer requirements Whats (Objectives, fucntions)

Important weights Important ratings

Correlation ratings Whats vs. Hows

Benchmark satisfaction rates Customer targets and ratings Now vs. Whats

Targets How muches

Casa de la calidad
(3 de 3) Ejemplo
Automatic iced tea maker HQ (partial)
Indicator Meaning
Indicates strong relationship or much importance Indicates some relationship or some importance Indicates a small relationship or importance Blank Indicates no realationship
Relative Importance Temperature of the water in steeping basket

_ _

Hottest temperature outside container

Time water is in contact with tea

Temperature of exiting hot tea

Time needed to add the tea

Mr. Coffee Iced Tea Maker

Time to clean the product

West Bend Coffee Maker

Volume of water in tank

Largest size of brew

Old Fashion Way

ATTRIBUTE Stronger tea Easy to add ice Easy to add tea Easy to clean Easy to store Brew large amount Contain steam Technical difficulty Measurement Units Object target values

9 5 5 3 3 2 2 3 C 98 98 ? 98 99 na 83 1 4
cmm

4 3 3 3 4 3 4 1 cup 3
4.75 4.75

1 2 3 3 3 2 4

5 2 2 2 5 4 2

Powdered Tea
5 2 2 4 5 4 5

Total volume

Strength 9 5 3 0

3 C 44 88 ? ? hot 25 45 4

3 sec 0 5 1 5 2 5 45 4

2 sec 30 20 20 20 240 60 27 6

3 ft^3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 na na 36 5

3 qt 3 2 2 1.5 na na 27 6

2 C ? 100 ? ? 100 25 18 8

8 << 8 na 5 na 81 2

West Bend Iced Tea M. Mr. Coffe Objective Measures West Bend Coffee Maker Old Fashion Way Powdered Tea Technical Importance Absolut Relative

0 na na 63 3

West Bend Iced Tea Maker

1 3 3 3 3 3 1