Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Outline
Generating a voltage sine wave Rectifying sine wave output Types of generators Magnetic amplifiers Developing 3 phase Oscilloscope
Interest
Fixed car starter motor knowing basic motor theory from Navy. Future of magnetism Levitron.
Interest
Generators at a Dam
Generator Construction
Generator: Device that changes mechanical energy into electrical energy. Rotor: Armature: Revolving coils suspended in the case resting on bearings. Brushes: Made of soft carbon to remove the electricity from the slip rings and deliver it to the regulator. Slip rings (2): Interface between rotor and regulator. Commutators: Used to reverse electrical connections in DC generators
5
CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics
Generator Construction
Generator Construction
Field Pole from Generator at a dam
Generator Losses
Copper Losses (I2R losses)
Losses due to resistance of windings.
Eddy Currents:
Heat produced in the iron core (energy loss) minimized by thin sections and laminations. N eddy currents
Hysteresis:
Molecular friction. Heat loss minimized by using silicon steel and annealing the armature core.
8
CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics
Current
Magnetic Induction
Three things to induce a voltage
1. A magnetic field. 2. A conductor: + = in _ = out 3. Relative motion between the field and the conductor.
Rotor movement Stator
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
Stator
+ +
_ _ + +
_ _
00
900
1800
2700
3600
10
Lenzs Law
Definition: The polarity of an induced electromagnetic force is such that it produces a current. The magnetic field of this current always opposes the change in the existing field. Simply stated: The field around the conductor is opposed by the existing field. Application: Water and steam supply the mechanical force to turn turbines in large power plants.
11
CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics
Formula
E = KN Given:
E=induced voltage K=constant for # of flux lines/volt=10-8 =magnetic flux lines N=speed of the machine (RPM)
12
Power Supplies
Components and their function
Transformer - Receives the AC input from the distribution system and either steps up or down the voltage. Rectifier - Converts the AC input voltage from the transformer to a pulsating DC voltage. Filter - Smoothes out the DC pulsations or ripple received from the rectifier. Regulator - Receives a smoothed DC voltage from the Filter Stage and produces a steady DC voltage to be used by electronic circuitry.
13
CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics
1:1
CR1
VIN T1
R1
VOUT
14
15
1:1
VIN T1
R1
VOUT
CR2
16
17
T1 R1
VIN
18
VOUT
CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics
.637 = Constant
19
Filters
A filter uses the characteristics of Inductors and Capacitors to smooth the pulsating DC waveform supplied by the Rectifier. Types
High Pass - A series RC filter whose output is taken from the resistor. Series / Parallel - A filter configuration which uses combinations of capacitors and inductors to smooth the voltage and current pulsations from the rectifier output.
20
21
C1 VIN RB VOUT
22
C1
24
RC PI Filter Configuration
RC PI Filter Schematic Diagram
Charge Path Discharge Path R1
VIN
C1
C2
VOUT
RB
VOUT(C1) 26
VOUT (C2)
RC PI Filter Operation
First Capacitor provides most of the filtering action. Second Capacitor Provides additional voltage filtering. Resistor limits current flow to the desired value and establishes the RC time constants for both filter capacitors.
27
LC PI Filter Configuration
LC PI Filter Schematic Diagram
Charge Path Discharge Path
L1
VIN
C1
C2
RB
VOUT(C1) 28
VOUT (C2)
LC PI Filter Operation
First Capacitor provides most of the filtering action. Second Capacitor Provides additional voltage filtering.
Inductor opposes changes in current flow to reduce current spikes and establishes the RC time constants for both filter capacitors.
29
Voltage Regulators
Series Regulator
Acts as a variable resistor in series with the load.
R1
Vin Vout
CR1
30
Vin R1 CR1
Vout
VIN
VOUT
31
Vin
Vout
32
Vin
Vout
33
Voltage Regulation
E(no-load) E(full load) / E(full load) X 100 = % Regulation
34
Questions
Q. You plugged your small boat at the Ala Wai Boat Harbor into 120 VAC shore power and turned on all loads on your boat that dropped voltage to 115 VAC, what is the % of voltage regulation? W.120-115/115(100) = 5/115(100) = A. 4.3%
35
DC vs. AC
Direct Current (DC): flows in only one direction through a conductor. Pulsating DC is rectified AC that is not adequately filtered. Alternating Current (AC): flows in alternating directions generating a sine wave.
36
Types of generators
Self Exited Generators: No separate source of voltage is used to excite the generator field winding.
1. Shunt Generator 2. Series Wound Generator 3. Compound Wound Generator
37
Shunt Generator
Electrical Schematic:
Shunt Field
Output
Physical Construction:
Characteristic:
Constant voltage for varying load.
38
CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics
Series Generator
Electrical Schematic:
Series Field
Output
Physical Construction:
Characteristic:
Not a practical generator for varying load.
39
CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics
Compound Generator
Electrical Schematic:
G
Output Shunt Field Series Field
Physical Construction:
Output waveform
Phase A Phase B Phase C ERMS=.707(peak) EAVG=.637(peak) Voltage + peak Time 2700
Rotor
60RPM 1CPS 1 Order
00
0
_
peak to peak
900
00
900
1800
41
2700
3600
CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics
1800
Paralleling Generators
Match voltages Match frequencies Shut breaker when SSS = 12 Secure 1 generator. Application: DG to TG at pd.
42
Troubleshooting Generators
Excessive brush wear Excessive bearing wear Electrical overload
43
Magnetic Amplifiers
Magnetic Amplifiers 4 windings
Output, Gate, Load Winding: Voltage to load. Input, Control Winding: Input voltage. Bias Winding: Changes operating point. ORAL
Opposing Bias: Shifts toe point right. Aiding Bias: Shifts toe point left.
44
45
46
Aiding Bias
47
Negative Feedback
48
Magnetic Amplifiers
Basic Schematic SRMA
49
Magnetic Amplifiers
Basic Schematic SRMA
50
Magnetic Amplifiers
Basic Schematic SSRA Full Wave
51
Magnetic Amplifiers
Basic Schematic SRMA Full Wave
52
Magnetic Amplifiers
Basic Schematic SRMA with Bias Winding
53
Magnetic Amplifiers
Dot-coil method
No convention Dot-coil, dot-coil Dot-coil, coil-dot Signal same. Signal same. Signal inverted.
54
SCPTs
Saturable Current Potential Transformers Windings
P1-P3: Potential Windings S1-S3: Secondary, Output, Load Windings: Shunt Field T1-T3: Current, Input Windings: Primary Windings L1-L3: Linear Reactors: Used with no load.
55
56
57
58
Oscilloscope
59
Time period and frequency Calibration: Calibrate before using. Focus: Used to make wave sharper. Intensity: Controls brightness of the light beam striking the front of the screen. Additional features: Data acquisition & transfer for PC.
60
CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics
Oscilloscope Front
61
62
Portable Oscilloscope
63
Oscilloscope Waveforms
64
Signal Generator
Used to simulate a signal to be viewed on an oscilloscope for circuit card testing.
65
Summary Questions
Q7) What test device equipment is used to determine if a magnetic amplifier is working properly? A7) Oscilloscope with octopus or Huntron Tracker
66
Lessons Learned
Any oil while inspecting the regulator is from capacitors & should be investigated to prevent damaging the static exciter components. A Simpson multi-meter can provide troubleshooting indications that a Fluke cannot suck as polarity spikes. Carbon deposits should be cleaned using an eraser on all variable resistors for a proper generator regulator grooming annually.
67
CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics
Conclusion
Q. What is a use for an oscilloscope? A. Waveform analysis for troubleshooting circuit cards.
69