INTERNAL ORGANS

Activity 10: Digestive System

Activity 11: Respiratory System
Activity 13: Urogenital System
VERTEBRATE BODY CAVITIES
DORSAL
 Cranial cavity
 Spinal cavity

VENTRAL (in humans)

 Thoracic
 Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal
pelvic
 IN FROGS
Pericardial cavity
Pleuroperitoneal
cavity
 PERICARDIAL CAVITY
Found in the midthoracic region
Space within the pericardium
Contains the heart
 PLEUROPERITONEAL CAVITY
Cavity in which the lungs and other
internal organs (exept the heart) can be
found

ORGAN SYSTEMS IN THIS CAVITY:

 Digestive system
 Part of the Respiratory system
 Urogenital system
 I. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
responsible for digestion
 Breakdown of ingested food
 Absorption of nutrients into the blood
 Elimination of undigested remains

SUBDIVIDED INTO:
 Alimentary/digestive tract – continuous
hollow tube
 Accessory organs/glands
 Organs of the Alimentary Canal
• Mouth
• Oral cavity
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Cloaca / rectum
• Cloacal opening / vent
 Digestive Glands
• Liver – produces bile
• Gallbladder – stores bile
• Pancreas
• Exocrine - produces many digestive
enzymes and an alkaline solution
• Endocrine – produces insulin and
glucagon
LIVER HISTOLOGY
HISTOLOGY OF THE PANCREAS
II. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiration – exchange of gases
 Oxygen is inspired
 Carbon dioxide is expired
TWO STAGES OF RESPIRATION:
 External respiration – exchange of gases
between the environment and the respiratory
organs
 Internal respiration – exchange of gases
between body fluids and body cells
 RESPIRATORY ORGANS OF
FROGS / TOADS
Lungs
Skin
Mucous lining of the mouth
HISTOLOGY OF THE LUNGS:
 GROSS ANATOMY OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
External nares (sing. naris)
Internal nares
 GROSS ANATOMY OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
IN THE ORAL CAVITY:
Eustachian tube
Pharynx
Glottis
Larynx

Arytenoid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Vocal cords
Bronchus
Lungs

Alveoli (sing. alveolus)
 III. UROGENITAL SYSTEM
ETYMOLOGY:
 Uoro – urine
 Genitales - referring to reproduction

Urinary and Reproductive systems

 Two functionally separate systems which
share a common duct system
 URINARY SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS:
 Excretion
 Osmoregulation

ORGANS:

Kidneys (primary organs)
Histology
Gross anatomy
 Duct system
HISTOLOGY OF A NEPHRON
IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:

•Kidney
•Chromaffin tissue
•Mesonephric / Wolffian duct
•Urinary bladder
•cloaca
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (male)
IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:

•Testes (sing. testis)

•Mesorchium
•Vas efferentia
•Vas deferens (Wolffian duct)
•Corpora adiposa
•Bidder’s organ
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (female)
IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:

•Ovaries
•Mesovarium
•Corpora adiposa
•Oviducts / Muellerian ducts
•ostium
•Uterine enlargement / ovisac
 TASKS:
 Identify histologically the parts of the
frog’s/toad’s:

Kidneys

testes

ovaries
Identify the organs of the urogenital
system of both the male and female toad
Trace the pathway of urine, egg cells,
and sperm cells in the toad
 GUIDE Q’S: Activity 10
1. Trace the passage of food through he
digestive tract.
2. List down the accessory structures and
glands associated to the digestion process.
What is their role in digestion.
3. Correlate the structural changes in each
segment of the digestive tract with their
function
4. Relate the histological appearance of the
liver and pancreas with their functions.
 GUIDE Q’S: Activity 11
1. Trace the flow of air from the nostrils
to the alveoli.
2. What accounts for the spongy texture
of the lungs?
3. What is the functional significance of
the rich blood supply in the walls of
the lungs?
 GUIDE Q’S: Activity 13
1. What are the major steps in urine formation
in a nephron?
2. Describe the important processes involved
in gamete formation in testes and ovaries.
What are the major differences between the
two?
3. Use arrows and trace the pathway of the
following in the frog:
1. Urine
2. Egg cells
3. Sperm cells
 GUIDE Q’S: CV System
1. Why is the ventricle more muscular than
the atria?
2. What valve prevents the backflow of blood
from conus arteriosus to the ventricle?
3. How does the blood in the pulmonary vein
differ from that in the other veins?
4. Name the three veins that empty blood into
the sinusvenosus.
 GUIDE Q’S: CV System
1. Trace the blood from the femoral veins of
the leg to:
1. The kidney.
2. The liver
2. What visceral organ system uses the portal
system extensively?
3. Trace the shortest route a blood corpuscle
could take in traveling from the systemic
arch to the intestine to the right atrium.
4. How does the blood in the pulmocutaneous
arch differ from that in the higher two
arches?
Go forth and multiply…..

…your knowledge.