Digestion

I) Types of Digestion a) Chemical b) Mechanical II) Divisions of Labor a) Alimentary Canal b) Accessory Glands

General Histological Plan of the Alimentary Canal

Wall layer Subdivisions Surface epithelium Lamina propria Muscular Layer Connective tissue Lymph nodules Nerve Fibers Circular muscle layer Longitudinal muscle layer Visceral peritoneum Major Functions

Mucosa

Secrete enzymes Absorb foodstuffs Protect against infection

Protection

Submucosa

Muscularis Externa

Regulates GI motility

Serosa

Reduces friction as GI tract organs work

Organs of the Alimentary Canan

2. The tube like digestive system canal that extends from the mouth to the anus is the alimentary canal 3. How is the muscularis externa of the stomach modified?

It contains a third obliquely oriented layer of smooth muscle in its muscularis externa

How does this modification relate to the stomachs function?

It allows the stomach to churn, mix and pummel the food, physically breaking it down into smaller fragments

4. Match the items to the statements

Mesentery (k) 1. Structure that suspends the small intestine from _________

the posterior body Plicae circulares (q) Microvilli (l) ________,__________________, 2. Three __________, Villi (y) modifications of the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption Peyers patches (o) _________________ 3. Large collections of lymphoid tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine Plicae circulares (q) __________________ 4. Deep folds of the mucosa and the submucosa that extend completely or partially around the circumference of the small intestine Oral Cavity (m) Stomach (v) ______________,__________ 5. Regions that breakdown foodstuffs mechanically . Tongue (w) ___________6. Mobile organ that initiates swallowing Pharynx (p) __________7. Conduit that serves the respiratory and digestive systems Esophagus (c) _____________8. The gullett; lies posterior to the trachea

9.___________ Surface projections of a mucosal epithelial cell Microvilli (l) Ileocecal (h) 10. ___________ Valve at the junction of the small and large intestines Small Intestine (t) 11._______________ Primary region of enzymatic digestion 12. Frenulum (d) Membrane securing the tongue to the floor of the ___________ mouth Vestibule (x) 13.____________ Area between the teeth and lips/cheeks Appendix (b) 14. ____________ Wormlike sac that outpockets the cecum Oral cavity (m) 15._____________ Carbohydrates (starch) digestion begins here 16. Greater omentum (e)Two-layered serous membrane attached to the _________________ greater curvature of the stomach Large intestine (i) 17._________________ Organ distal to the small intestine Pyloric Valve (r) 18. _________________ Valve preventing movement of chyme from the duodenum into the stomach Soft palate (u) 19.________________ Posterosuper boundary of the oral cavity (Small Intestine (t) 20.________________ Location of the hepatopancreatic sphincter 21. Visceral peritoneum (z) _______________________ Outermost layer of digestive organ Large Intestine (i) 22.__________________ Principal site for vitamin synthesis Anus (a) 23.__________________ Distal end of the alimentary canal Hard palate (f) 24.__________________ bone supported part of the roof of the mouth

III) Alimentary Canal A) 30 long tube that connects the mouth with the anus B) Oral Cavity C) Stomach D) Small Intestine E) Large Intestine F) Anus

5. Correctly identify all structures depicted in this diagram

6. Identify each tooth area 1. Visible portion of the tooth Crown 2. Material covering tooth root Cementum 3. Hardest substance in the body Enamel 4. Attaches the tooth to bone Periodontal ligament 5. Portion of tooth embedded in bone Root 6. Forms major portion of tooth Dentin 7. Produces the dentin Pulp 8. Site of blood vessels Pulp 9. Portion of tooth covered with enamel Crown

7. In humans the number of deciduous teeth is 20 the number of permanent teeth is 32 8. The dental formula for permanent teeth is 2,1,2,3 Explain 2,1,2,3 Upper teeth; 2 incisors, 1 canine 2 premolars, 3 molars Lower teeth; 2 incisors, 1 canine 2 premolars, 3 molars 9. What teeth are the Wisdom Teeth The number 3 molars

Tongue;

Taste Buds, 7500 individual receptors in four types

Sweet, Sour, Salt, Bitter Epiglottis; Prevents food from entering the trachea

10. Match the Glands to their function 1. Produces mucus Duodenal glands 2. Produces Amylase Salivary Glands 3. Produces Enzymes Pancreas 4. Produces Bile Liver 5. Produces HCL and pepsiongen Gastric Glands 11. What is the role of the Gall Bladder? Bile is stored here until needed in the digestive process

Chemical Digestion of foodstuffs: Enzymatic Action

12. match the following terms with the proper choice Catalyst ______________1. Increases the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the reaction Control ______________2. provides a standard of comparision for test results Enzyme ______________3. Biologic catalyst: protein in nature Substrate ______________4. A substance on which a catalyst works 13. The enzymes of the digestive system are classified as hydrolases. What does this mean?

Water is added to large molecules turning them into smaller molecules. (polymers into monomers)

14. Fill in the following Chart

Organ Action Site Substrates pH

Enzym e Salivary Amyase Trypsin

Salivary Glands Pancreas Pancreas

Oral cavity Small intestine Small intestine

Starch Protein Fats

Neutral Alkaline Alkaline

Lipase

15. Name the end products of digestion for the following types of food Proteins Amino Acids Carbohydrates Glucose Fats Glycerol and Fatty Acids

20. In the space below, draw the pathway of a ham sandwich (ham=protein and fat, bread = starch) from the mouth to the site of absorption and breakdown. HAM:

Protein: Stomach and HCL make Polypeptides, Pancreatic enzymes and the Small Intestine make polypeptides into Amino Acids that are absorbed by the villi of the Small intestine and into the blood stream Fat: Bile and the Small Intestine cause a detergent action that allows Pancreatic Lipase to hydrolyise the fats into fatty acids, glycerol and monoglycerides
BREAD:

Starch is broken down by the mouth and salivary glands and enzymes, Amalyase, Lactase, Maltase and Sucrase turn Lactose, Maltose and Sucrose into Glucose that is transported from the Small Intestine to the Liver

Physical Processes: Mechanisms of Food Propulsion and Mixing

21. Match the items Uvula _______1. Blocks off nasal passages during swallowing
Buccal _______2. Voluntary phase of swallowing Peristalsis ___________3. Propulsive waves of smooth muscle contraction Cardioesophageal _________________4. Sphincter that opens when food or fluids exert pressure on it. Segmental _____________5. Movement that mainly serves to mix foodstuffs. Tongue ________6. Forces food into the pharynx Phayngeal-esophageal ___________________7. Involuntary phase of swallowing

Bolus of food

Tongue Pharynx Epiglottis Glottis Trachea (a) Upper esophageal sphincter contracted Esophagus (b) Upper esophageal sphincter relaxed Relaxed muscles

Uvula Bolus Epiglottis

Bolus (c) Upper esophageal sphincter contracted

How Swallowing Occurs

Bolus of food Longitudinal muscles contract, shortening passageway ahead of bolus

Gastroesophageal sphincter closed

Circular muscles contract, constricting passageway and pushing bolus down

Relaxed muscles Gastroesophageal sphincter open

Stomach

(d)

(e)

Figure 23.13

Stomach; Chemical Digestion

Accessory Glands
I) Structures & Functions A) Salivary glands: Chemical B) Liver: Food synthesis C) Spleen: Filters out used RBCs D) Kidney: Liquid waste filter E) Gall Bladder: Produces Bile for fat metabolism

Figure 29.30a, b

F) Appendix: Pouch at end of large intestine filled with HCL G) Pancrease: Digestive enzymes 1) Lipase: Fat 2) Pepsin: Protein 3) Amalyse: Carbohydrate 4) Disaccharidase: Sugar 5) Rennen: Milk