LLA8nlnC C8!

LC1lvLS
W uescrlbe Lhe physlology of
Lhe dlfferenL sLrucLures of
Lhe LLn1
W ldenLlfy and descrlbe Lhe
common dlagnosLlc LesLs for
Lhe LLn1 sysLem
ulagnosLlc 1esLs
W LaboraLory LesLs
rouLlne blood LesLs
CulLure
lf clear fluld dralnlng from ear
rule ouL cerebrosplnal fluld
ConL'd
W 8adlologlcal LesLs
CompuLed Lomography (C1
scan)
MagneLlc resonance lmaglng
ArLerlography and venography
Speclal 1esLs
W AudlLory AculLy 1esLs
whlspered volce LesL Lunlng
fork LesLs 8lnne LesL Weber
LesL
W AudlomeLrlc Pearlng 1esLs
W 8alance 1esLlng
LxLernal Lar
ulsorders of Lhe LxLernal Lar
W lnfecLlons eg oLlLls exLerna
W Masses eg cysLs mallgnanL
Lumors
W lorelgn body
W lmpacLed cerumen
W rurlLls
lnfecLlon of Lhe LxLernal Lar (exLernal
oLlLls)
Aurlcular Abscess
Caullflower Lar
elold
ulsorders of Lhe Mlddle Lar
ulsorders of Lhe Mlddle Lar
W lnfecLlons eg oLlLls medla
masLoldlLls
W erforaLed Lympanlc mebrane
W CLosclerosls
MasLoldlLls
MasLoldlLls
ulsorders of Lhe lnner Lar
W AcousLlc neuroma benlgn
Lumor of Lhe 8
Lh
cranlal
nerve
occurs aL any age
Common ln women
beLween 3060 years
Menlere's ulsease
W Cccurs due Lhe lmbalance of
fluld and elecLrolyLes ln Lhe
lnner ear
W S/S severe LlnnlLusfeellngs
of ear fullness verLlgo
Pearlng Loss
W lnablllLy of Lhe ear Lo deLecL
and percelve sound
W 3 maln Lypes conducLlve
sensorlneural and mlxed
ConducLlve Pearlng Loss
Can be caused by anyLhlng
LhaL blocks Lhe exLernal ear
lnLerference of conducLlon
of sound Lhrough Lhe
exLernal audlLory canal
eardrum or Lhe mlddle ear
Sensorlneural Loss
W Cccurs from a dlsease or
Lrauma Lo Lhe lnner ear neural
sLrucLures or nerve pLhways
leadlng Lo Lhe bralnsLem
1uLorlal CuesLlons
W 8elaLe Lhe funcLlons of Lhe eusLachlan
Lube Lo Lhe developmenL of mlddle
ear problems lncludlng oLlLls medla
wlLh effuslon
W uescrlbe anaLomlc varlaLlons as well
as rlsk facLors LhaL make lnfanLs and
young chlldren more prone Lo acuLe
oLlLls medla
ulsorders of Lhe Lye
L?L
W 3 layers of Llssue ln Lhe walls of Lhe eye
ouLerflbrous layer sclera and cornea
W Mlddle vascular layerchorold clllary
body and lrls
W lnner nervous sysLem layerreLlna
W lnslde eyeball lens aqueous fluld and
vlLreous body
nerve Supply of Lye
W CculomoLor (3
rd
cranlal nerve)
supplles
superlor recLus
lnferlor recLus
medlal recLus
lnferlor obllque
lrls
clllary muscle
Accessory Crgans of Lye
W Lyebrow
W Lyellds and eyelashes
W Lacrlmal apparaLus
SLaLlsLlcs CWMP
W Common eye dlseases seen aL Lhe
CWMP
Leryglum
1arsal cysL
Cranuloma
chalazlon
1heaLre Cases
W CaLaracL
evlslaLlon
LnucleaLlon
-Corneal perforaLlon repalr
-lrldecLomy
Common Lye ulseases ln Chlldren
W Amblyopla
W SLrablsmus
W Color deflclency
W 8eLlnopaLhy of remaLurlLy
W Myopla
W Pyperopla
W AsLlgmaLlsm
Disorders of fhe Eye
W EyeIid AbnormoIifies
pLosls upper lld hangs down
LcLroplan lower lld hangs down
1rlchlasls eyelashes Lurn ln
Chalazlon eyelld lump
Losls
W ls an abnormally low poslLlon
(drooplng) of Lhe upper eyelld
1he drooplng may be worse aL
nlghL when Lhe lndlvlduals
muscles are Llred
Acufe red eye
W 8ables (028days) con[uncLlvlLls of Lhe
newborn
W Chlldren (6/126yrs) vlL A deflclency
W AL any age con[uncLlvlLls/Lrachoma
corneal ulcer/forelgn body lrlLls acuLe
glaucoma
onjuncfivo - Diseoses of
W onjuncfivifis lnflammaLlon of Lhe
con[uncLlva
W cooses vlral bacLerlalchemlcal
agenLs allergensphyslcal lrrlLanLs
radlanL energy
W 5hfhoImio neonofrum occurs ln
lnfanLs younger Lhan 1 monLh old
afLer vaglnal dellvery
Con[uncLlvlLls
%rochomo
W Chronlc relapslng con[uncLlvlLls
W Cause chlamydla LrachomaLls
W LnvlronmenLal facLors poor
hyglene personal soclal
%ronsmission is fovoured by
W Crowded llvlng quarLers
W ShorLage of waLer
W ulrLy houslng
W oor hyglene anlmal and human
faeces around Lhe house
AII fuctors which fuvour the
breeding of #
%rochomo
Also spread by sharlng unwashed
-8eddlng
-CloLhlng
-1owels
-lace cloLhs
-handkerchlefs
osf of risk ore
W Chlldren
W ?oung moLhers
Cllnlcal ManlfesLaLlons
W lolllcles on underlld
W lnflammaLlon
W Scarrlng
W 1rlchlasls
W Corneal opaclLy
!revenfion of Acufe frochomo
W Lncourage hand face
washlng wlLh clean waLer
W Clean up envlronmenL Lo
W LradlcaLe flles
Disorders of fhe orneo
Corneal edema caused by damage Lo
Lhe eplLhellum and endoLhellum of Lhe
cornea
eraLlLls lnflammaLlon of Lhe cornea
ulvlded lnLo 2 Lypes
-olcetotlve eplLhellum affecLed
and sLlll remalns lnLacL
olcetotlve eplLhellum sLroma or boLh
are desLroyed
Aqueous Humor & InfroocuIor
!ressure
W Claucoma group of condlLlons
LhaL cause an elevaLlon of Lhe
lnLraocular pressure
closedangle glaucoma
Cpenangle glaucoma
* CongenlLal or lnfanLlle glaucoma
Disorders of fhe Lens
W Pefrocfion of Iighf
- hy5ero5io - forsighfedness
- yo5io - neorsighfedness
- Asfigmofism - defecf in
fhe corneo or fhe Iens
Diseoses of Accomodofion
W uevelops when paLlenL cannoL
accommodaLe changes from far Lo
near vlslon
oforocfs opaclLy of Lhe lens and
lnLerferes wlLh Lhe Lransmlsslon of
llghL lnLo Lhe reLlna
Common cause of caLaracL
W ACL over half are geneLlcally
deLermlned
W CLher causes drugs dlseases
damage
aLhology of caLaracL
W reclplLaLlon of LransparenL
proLeln ln Lhe lens becomes
opaque
W Llke frylng an egg
ulseases
W Lye dlsease lrlLls glaucoma
W Ceneral dlseases dlabeLes
arLhrlLls syphllls leprosy uown's
syndrome
uamage
W ConLuslon ln[ury
W erforaLlon
W Aclds and alkalls
W SunllghL
W Smoklng/alcohol
Differenf couses
ongenifoI
-CeneLlc
-PeredlLary
-8ubella
-CLher vlruses
1ypes of CaLaracL
W lmmaLure
W MaLure
W lnLumescenL
W hypermaLure
1reaLmenL
W Lhe only LreaLmenL ls
surgery
Disorders of fhe Pefino
W 8lood Supply and vascular
Leslons can glve rlse Lo
papllledema
W 8eLlnopaLhles lnvolve change
ln sLrucLure
PefinoI Defochmenf
W lnvolves separaLlon of Lhe sensory
reLlna from Lhe plgmenL eplLhellum
Macu|ar Degenerat|on
loss of cenLral vlslon usually ln boLh
eyes
Disorders of fhe 5fic !ofhwoys
W cooses
1rauma
1umors
vascular leslons
$frobismus
W SqulnL abnormallLy of eye coordlnaLlon
or allgnmenL LhaL resulLs ln loss of
blnocular vlslon
W Amblyopla (lazy eyes) dlmlnlshed vlslon
(uncorrecLable by lenses and no
deLecLable leslon
Infecfions ond InfIommofions
W ouses
Mlcroorganlsms
Mechanlcal lrrlLaLlon
SenslLlvlLy Lo some subsLance
1uLorlal CuesLlons
W ueflne pLeryglum and Lhe
paLhophyslologlcal changes occurrlng
ln Lhe eye
W LlsL Lhe advanLages and dlsadvanLages
of wearlng conLacL lens
nose
nC1L
W lnflammaLlon of Lhe nasal
mucosa prevenLs odorous
subsLances from reachlng Lhe
olfacLory area of nose
W usual cause common cold
PA8?nx (1hroaL)
W lunnel shaped Lube 13cm long
W SLarL aL Lhe lnLernal nares and
exLend Lo Lhe level of crlcold
W Walls composed of skeleLal
muscles llned wlLh mucus
membrane
ConL'd
W assageway for food alr and
as a resonaLlng chamber for
speech sounds
ulvlded lnLo
W nasopharynx (upper parL)
W Cropharynx
W laryngopharynx
lorelgn 8ody
Larynx
W ShorL passageway
W Walls of larynx ls composed of nlne
pleces of carLllage
Lhyrold carLllage
eplgloLLls
crlcold
Llnlng of larynx below Lhe vocal
cords ls
W seudosLraLlfled clllaLed columnar
eplLhellum
W ConslsLs of clllaLed columnar cells
gobleL cells and basal cells
W 8elow level pharynx cllla sweep
mucus wlLh lL's Lrapped parLlcles
upward
lnfecLlons of Lhe nose and
Slnuses
W 8hlnlLls lnflammaLlon of Lhe
mucous membrane of Lhe
nose
W Can be acuLe or chronlc
AcuLe 8hlnlLls (Coryza Common Cold)
Cccurs mosLly ln Lhe cold
season
ode of %ronsmission
dropleL nuclel from sneezlng
conLamlnaLed hands of Lhose
affecLed
ConL'd
W ConLaglous for Lhe 1
sL
23 days
W Secondary lnvaslon of bacLerla
can cause pneumonla
Allerglc 8hlnlLls
W Causes lnhaled allergens eg
pollens of Lrees grasses or
weeds (ouLslde)
spores of mold dusL mlLes
anlmal danders
SlnuslLls
W Acufe 8ocferioI $inusifis
lnflammaLlon of Lhe mucous
membrane of Lhe slnuses
SlnuslLls
W Can be acuLe or chronlc
W Common Lypes of acuLe
slnuslLls are vlral and allerglc
ommon !ofhogens
W 8hlnovlrus
W lnfluenza vlrus
W Adenovlrus
W aralnfluenza vlrus
%reofmenf
W AdequaLe fluld lnLake
W 8eporL Lo Lhe docLor lf
experlenclng worsenlng of
sympLoms
SubacuLe 8acLerlal SlnuslLls
W S/S purulenL nasal dlscharge
perslsLenL
ulagnosLlc 1esLs
W Slnus xray
W CulLure
Chronlc 8acLerlal SlnuslLls
W uue Lo prolonged lnfecLlon
chronlc slnuslLls resulLs
W Ma[or s/s purulenL dlscharge
x 3/12
Common causaLlve organlsms
W ooteos
W nlloeo
ulagnosLlc 1esLs
W C1 scan of slnuses
W AsplraLlon of slnus for culLure
senslLlvlLy
W nasal endoscopy
1reaLmenL
W nasal sallne lrrlgaLlon
W Surgery slnus
eg CaldwellLuc (radlcal
anLrum operaLlon
CaldwellLuc slnus surgery
AcuLe harynglLls
W Common LhroaL lnflammaLlon
S/S
dry LhroaL
8ed sore LhroaL
lever (chlldren)
Acufe FoIIicuIor %onsiIifis
W AcuLe lnflammaLlon of Lhe Lonslls
W nsef sudden
W $$ sore LhroaL paln on
swallowlng fever chllls malalse
ConL'd
W SympLoms lasLs 23 days
W harynx Lonslls appear red
W erlLonslllar Llssues swollen
W ?ellowlsh exudaLes vlslble ln
crypLs of Lonslls
Acufe Loryngifis
W lnflammaLlon of Lhe mucous
membrane of Lhe larynx
W Ldema of vocal chords
W SllghL husklness of volce Lo loss
of volce
W Sore LhroaL cough
%reofmenf
W 8emaln lndoors even
LemperaLure
W Avold Lalklng for days or weeks
W Cough syrups sLeam lnhalaLlon
CbsLrucLlons of Lhe nose 1hroaL
W Peconsfrucfion of nose
can be congenlLal
uue Lo Lrauma
Deviofed $e5fum
W Can obsLrucL breaLhlng
W CannoL fllLer forelgn
subsLances
%reofmenf
W Surgery nasosepLoplasLy
1uLorlal CuesLlon
W uescrlbe Lhe paLhophyslologlcal
changes of nasal polyps ulscuss
Lhe LreaLmenL for nasal polyps
osoI !oIy5s
W Crapellke growLhs of Lhe mucous
membrane of slnuses Lo cavlLles
of Lhe nose
W AssoclaLed wlLh allergles asLhma
cysLlc flbrosls
%reofmenf
W CorLlcosLerold spray
W urugs anLlbloLlcs (amoxlclllln
eryLhromycln)
W Surgery polypecLomy
%roumo of U55er Airwoy
W lracLures of nasal bones
and sepLum
slmple fracLures apply
flrm pressure can be
reduced wlLhln 24hours
LplsLaxls (nosebleed)
W coose Lrauma Lo nasal
mucosa from forelgn body
W tbetcooses local
lrrlLaLlon lack of humldlLy
plcklng Lhe nose
Ca of Lhe nasal cavlLy and
paranasal slnuses
W ttlsk
exposure Lo cerLaln subsLances
Lg wood dusL leaLher dusL
nlckel compounds chromaLe
hydrocarbon asbesLos
1reaLmenL
W 8adlaLlon Lherapy
W Surglcal exclslon of Lhe maxllla
MaxlllecLomy
Surgery
o of ro5horynx
W $
h/o prolonged sore LhroaL
1umors aL base of Longue
CLalgla
Speech dlfflculLles
nasal regurglLaLlon
AsympLomaLlc mass ln Lhe neck
%reofmenf
W 8adloLherapy
W Surgery
W 1racheosLomy Lo asslsL ln
resplraLlon
Ca of Lhe Larynx
W Squamous cell carclnoma of Lhe
Lrue vocal chords
W Common ln men Lhan women
W erslsLenL hoarseness ls a ma[or
complalnL
1reaLmenL
W 8adloLherapy
W Surgery laryngecLomy
%