METABOLISM :

THE USE OF ENERGY IN BIOSYNTHESIS

The Photosynthetic Fixation of CO2 (Calvin Cycle) Cyanobacteria, some nitrifying, and thiobacilli : Carboxysomes (contain the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carbocylase). Calvin cycle is divided into three phase : carboxylation, reduction and regeneration. Sugars formed in the Calvin cycle can then be used to synthesize other essential molecules.

THE CALVIN CYCLE

CO2
Ribulose 1,5Bisphosphate 3-phosphoglyceric acid 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

ADP
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Triose phosphate isomerase Dihydroxyaceton phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate

ATP

Ribulose 5Phosphate

Xylulose 5phosphate

Erythrose 4-phosphate

Ribose 5-phosphate

Sedoheptulose 7bisphosphate

Sedoheptulose 1,7bisphosphate

SYNTHESIS OF SUGARS AND POLYSACCHARIDES

Gluconeogenesis : synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. Several sugars are synthesized while attached to a nucleoside diphosphate. The most important nucleodide diphosphate is uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG). Nucleoside diphosphate sugars also play a central role in the synthesis of polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen.

GLUCONEOGENESIS

The Assimilation of Inorganic Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Nitrogen

Phosphorus Assimilation Glyceraldehyde 3-P + Pi + NAD+ 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+ 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur is needed for synthesis of amino acids (cysteine and methionine) and several coenzymes (coenzyme A and biotin)

THE SULFATE REDUCTION PATHWAY

SO42ATP

Adenosine 5-phosphosulfate
ATP ADP

PPi

Phosphosadenosine 5-phosphosulfate
NADPH + H+ Phosphoadenosin 5-phosphate + 2- NADP SO3 NADPH + H+ NADP+

H2S
Organic sulfur compounds (e.g. cysteine)

THE SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS

Oxaloacetate

Aspartate
Aspartate -semialdehyde Lysine Homoserine

Methionine
A Branching Pathway of Amino Acid Synthesis

Threonine
Isoleucine

Phosphoenolpyruvate + Erythrose-4- P
Shikimate Chorismate Prephenate Phenylalanine Tyrosine Anthranilate Tryptophane

Aromatic Amino Acid Synthesis

THE SYNTHESIS OF PURINES, PYRIMIDINES, AND NUCLEOTIDES

Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis is critical for all cells because these molecules are used in the synthesis of ATP, several cofactors, RNA, DNA, and other important cell components. All microorganisms can synthesize their own purines and pyrimidines.

PURINE BIOSYNTHESIS CO2 Amino nitrogen of aspartate

Glycine

C
6

N
7

N1 C2
Formate group from folic acid
3

5C
8C

Formate group from folic acid

C
4
9

N
H

Amide nitrogen of glutamine

O
N HN N N Ribose P

Inosinic acid

Adenylosuccinate
NH2 N N N

Xanthylic
O N N Ribose P

HN N H2N N Ribose P

Synthesis of Adenosine Monophosphate and Guanosine Monophosphate

HCO3- + Glutamine + 2ATP + H2O

Carbamoyl

Aspartic acid Pi

Carbamoylaspartate Dihydroorotic acid

PPi

PRPP

Orotidine 5-monophosphate
CO2

Orotic acid
Glutamine or NH3

UMP

UDP

Uridine triphosphate

Cytidine triphosphate

Pyrimidine Synthesis

LIPID SYNTHESIS

A variety of lipids are found in microorganisms, particularly in cell membranes. Most contain fatty acids or their derivatives.
Fatty acid synthesis is catalyzed by the fatty acid synthetase complex with acetyl-CoA and malonylCoA as a substrates and NADPH as the reductant.

Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA Malonyl-CoA

Acetyl-ACP
Malonyl-ACP
CO2

Fatty Acyl-ACP etc. Fatty Acyl-ACP

Fatty Acyl-ACP
NADPH + H+

Fatty Acyl-ACP

FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS