Stack Monitoring

MethodoIogy
Stack Monitoring
1he stack mon|tor|ng |s conducted to ach|eve fo||ow|ng ob[ect|ves
1o determ|ne the nature qua||ty and quant|ty of the po||utants |n
the gaseous em|ss|ons generated at the source
1o compare the em|ss|on w|th the em|ss|on standards so as to
assess the need for |oca| contro|
1o measure the eff|c|ency of the po||ut|on contro| equ|pments under
spec|f|c cond|t|ons and ca|cu|ate em|ss|on factors
1o acqu|re data from an |nnocuous |nd|v|dua| source so as to
determ|ne the cumu|at|ve effect of many such sources and
1o determ|ne the effect of changes |n raw mater|a| compos|t|on and
processes on the em|ss|ons
1he se|ect|on of an appropr|ate mon|tor|ng |ocat|on (samp||ng po|nt) |s
a|most |nvar|ab|y a comprom|se and |nd|v|dua| [udgement
1he samp||ng po|nt shou|d be as far as poss|b|e a few d|ameters away
from any d|sturb|ng |nf|uence such as e|bows bends trans|t|on p|eces
baff|es or other obstruct|ons
1he samp||ng po|nt wherever poss|b|e shou|d be |ocated at a d|stance 8 to
10 t|mes d|ameters upstream and 3 to S t|mes d|ameters downstream from
any d|sturbance
SeIection of SampIing Port Location
Size of SampIing Port
or co||ect|on of samp|es an open|ng has to be made to an extent of
accommodat|ng the probes
the s|ze of the open|ng may be |n the range of 8 to 10 cms |n
d|ameter
A f|ange w|th nut and bo|ts may be fabr|cated |n the duct ] stack so
that the open|ng may be c|osed dur|ng nonsamp||ng per|od
PIanning
1he p|ann|ng |nc|udes the fo||ow|ng
1horough fam|||ar|ty w|th the process(es) and operat|on(s)
Samp||ng procedure equ|pment ] |nstruments
Methods of ana|ys|s of samp|es
Samp||ng schedu|e and
Samp|e vo|ume requ|red etc
SeIection of SampIing Port Location
1he se|ect|on of an appropr|ate mon|tor|ng |ocat|on (samp||ng po|nt)
|s a|most |nvar|ab|y a comprom|se and |nd|v|dua| [udgement
because of pract|ca| ||m|tat|ons espec|a||y due to the |nsuff|c|ent
|ong stra|ght duct stack wh|ch |s prerequ|s|te for un|form ve|oc|ty
d|str|but|on
1he samp||ng po|nt shou|d be as far as poss|b|e a few d|ameters
away from any d|sturb|ng |nf|uence such as e|bows bends
trans|t|on p|eces baff|es or other obstruct|ons 1he samp||ng po|nt
wherever poss|b|e shou|d be |ocated at a d|stance 8 to 10 t|mes
d|ameters upstream and 3 to S t|mes d|ameters downstream from
any d|sturbance
:mber of Traverse Points
1raverse polnLs are locaLed aL Lhe cenLre of each of a number of equal areas ln Lhe selecLed cross
secLlon of Lhe ducL sLack
CrosssecLlonal area (m
2
) no of olnLs
02 4
02 Lo 23 12
23 above 20

(a) Clrcular SLack
(b) 8ecLangular SLack
n clrcular sLacks Lraverse polnLs are locaLed aL Lhe cenLre of equal annular areas across Lwo
dlameLers rlghL angles wlLh each oLher
n case of recLangular sLack / ducL Lhe area may be dlvlded lnLo 12 Lo 23 equal areas and Lhe polnLs
of lnLersecLlon dlagonals are flxed as Lraverse polnLs for each area 1he Lraverse should be flxed ln
case of recLangular ducLs aL leasL on Lhree polnLs equally dlvlded verLlcal secLlons
etermination of FI:e Gas Temperat:re
Se|ect|on of thermocoup|e
1ype 1emp range
Chrome| A|ume| 18SC to 1260C
Copper Constantan 18SC to 3S0C
Iron Constantan 1S0C to 1000C
10 |at|num |at|num Upto 1S40C
and khod|um
etermination of Gas Composition
1he pre||m|nary step |n the source samp||ng |s to determ|ne the gas
compos|t|on
1h|s can be determ|ned by us|ng Crsat apparatus
1he gas |s co||ected |n the m||er]euro bags and ana|ysed for the
compos|t|on of CC
2
C
2
and CC by Crsat apparatus and the |eft over
gas |s assumed as N|trogen
Mo|ecu|ar we|ght Mw M
x
8
x
Where
M
x
|s the mo|ecu|ar we|ght of CC
2
C
2
CC and N
2
(44 32 28 and 28
recept|ve|y) and 8
x
represents fract|on of gases
etermination of FI:e Gas VeIocity
Cne of the s|mp|est dev|ce the standard p|tot tube |n comb|nat|on w|th a
d|fferent|a| manometer |s w|de|y used
Stype p|tot tube cons|sts of two stra|ght 810 mm () d|ameter tubes we|ded
para||e| w|th each other w|th two open|ngs
Cne of the open|ng wou|d face upstream gas (|mpact pressure) and the other
wou|d face downstreamgas (stat|c pressure)
1he two ends of the p|tot tube are connected to |nc||ned manometer and wou|d
measure d|fferent|a| pressure (ve|oc|ty head)
1he p|tot tube |s kept at each traverse po|nt
1he ve|oc|ty head () |s shown by the def|ect|on |n the manometer
) M (P
H) A (T
C K V
s s
s
p p s

Where
Vs |ue gas ve|oc|ty (meters ] second)
kp 1he d|mens|on|ess constant (3496 |n case of metr|c un|ts and 84S for
S un|ts)
Cp 1he p|tot constant (d|mens|on|ess number)
1s 1he stack temperature (deg ke|v|n)
1he ve|oc|ty head (mm of water)
s 1he abso|ute stack gas pressure (mm of mercury)
Ms 1he average mo|ecu|ar we|ght of the f|ue gas
439/
etermination of Gas FIow-rate for Partic:Iate Emission
Monitoring :nder Isokinetic conditions
% lue gas sampled aL Lhe sLack / ducL LemperaLure and pressure condlLlons
C
s
60 x 1000 x v
s
x A
n
llLre/mln)
% lue gas sampled aL Lhe monlLorlng assembly LemperaLure and pressure condlLlons
% lue gas sampled aL normal LemperaLure and pressure condlLlons
Where C volumeLrlc flow raLe of flue / process gas monlLored (llLres/mln)
v
s
lue / process gas veloclLy ln Lhe sLack / ducL (mS
1
)
A
n
Cross secLlonal area of nozzle used (m
2
)
ressure (mmPg)
1 1emperaLure (degree kelvln)
SubscrlpLs s lue gas condlLlon ln Lhe sLack / ducL
m lue gas condlLlon ln Lhe monlLorlng assembly
n lue gas condlLlon aL n1 (23C 760 mmPg)
) litres/min
N
P
N
T
x
m
T
m
P
x
m
Q
N
Q
etermination of PoII:tant Emission Rate
1he average mass emlsslon of polluLanL x
s
ls esLlmaLed by
measurlng Lhe polluLanL concenLraLlon C
sL
and Lhe sLack gas
volumeLrlc flow raLe C
sL
x
s
C
sL
x C
sL
Where
x
s
ls Lhe average polluLanL mass emlsslon raLe
C
sL
ls Lhe average polluLanL concenLraLlon and
C
sL
ls Lhe average volumeLrlc gas flow raLe
SampIing Train
etermination of Concentration of Partic:Iate
Matter
Isokinetic sampIing method
In L Iit ..d:st coIIected was (B - A) gm
(B - A) x 1000
( In 1m
3
(1000 Iit) ...d:st coIIected wo:Id be ------------------------- gm
L
(B - A) x 1000 x 1000
( PM concentration = ------------------------------- mg/m
3
L
etermination of Concentration of Gaseo:s
PoII:tants
SC
2
1|trat|on Method
lue gas passed ln 3 P
2
C
2
(100ml lmplnger) 1ake allquoL of 10 ml LlLraLe lL wlLh 01 n
naCP wlLh meLhyl arrange as lndlcaLor end for wlll be orange yellow LeL us assume 13 ml
of 01n naCP ls requlred Lo neuLrallze allquoL
1000 ml 1 n naCP 32000 mg SC
2
32000 x 01
(1 ml 01 n naCP 32 mg SC
2
1000
CalculaLe volume (vs) aL n1
100 32 mg
CuanLlLy of SC
2
ln lmplnger x 13 ml x 480 mg
10 ml
n v
s
llL SC
2
ls 480 mg
480 x 1000
(n 1000 n llL would be ( ) mg/nm
3
V
s
439/

PhenoIdis:Iphonic Acid Method

(Vf Vr) x P x 298
Vs (ml) = ----------------------------
760 x (t + 273)
Vf = Volume of sampling flask, ml
Vr = Volume of reagent, ml
P = Vacuum in container as measured mm Hg
t = sample temperature, C
24.45 w x 10
6
525.4 x w x 10
3
NOx = ------------------- ppm = ----------------------- ppm
46 x V
s
V
s
w = mg of NO
x
found as NO
2
(from standard curve)
24.45 x 10
3
= standard molar volume (ml) at 25 C & 760 mm Hg
S-Type Pitot T:be & IncIined Manometer AssembIy