Lecture 5: Databases & Information System

Chapter Topic
Databases and their uses Database components Types of databases Database management systems Relational databases Data warehouses Information systems in Organization System Development Life Cycle

Databases
Collections of related data Easily stored, sorted, organized, and queried Turn data into information

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Database Terminology
Field: Category of information, displayed in columns

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Database Terminology
Data type: Type of data that can be stored in a field

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Database Terminology
Record: A group of related fields

Table: A group of related records

Record

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Database Terminology
Primary key: A field value unique to a record

Primary Key

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Database Types
Relational databases
Organize data in tables Link tables to each other through their primary keys

Object-oriented databases
Store data in objects Also store methods for processing data Handle unstructured data

Multidimensional databases
Store data in multiple dimensions Organize data in a cube format Can easily be customized Process data much faster
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Database Management Systems (DBMS)

Application software designed to capture and analyze data Four main operations of a DBMS:
1. 2. 3. 4. Creating databases and entering data Viewing and sorting data Extracting data Outputting data

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Creating Databases and Entering Data

Create field names
Identify each type of data Data dictionary

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Creating Databases and Entering Data (cont.)

Create individual records
Key in Import Input form

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Data Validation
Validation
Process of ensuring that data entered into the database is correct (or at least reasonable) and complete

Validation rules
Range checks Completeness checks Consistency checks Alphabetic/numeric checks
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Extracting or Querying Data

Query
A question or inquiry Provides records based on criteria Structured Query Language (SQL)
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Outputting Data
Reports
Printed Summary data reports

Export data

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Relational Database Operations

Organize data into tables Relationships are links between tables with related data Common fields need to exist between fields
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Types of Relationships
One-to-one
For each record in a table, only one corresponding record in a related table

One-to-many
Only one instance of a record in one table; many instances in a related table

Many-to-many
Records in one table related to many records in another

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Relational Database Operations

Normalization of data (recording data once) reduces data redundancy. Foreign key: The primary key of one table is included in another to establish relationships with that other table.

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Data Storage
Data warehouse
Large-scale repository of data Organizes all the data related to an organization Data organized by subject

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Managing Data: Information Systems in Organizations

An information system collects, stores, and processes data to provide useful, accurate, and timely information

Figure 1

An organization is a group of people working together to accomplish a goal Business Nonprofit organization Mission Mission statement
Chapter 10: Information Systems Analysis and Design 19

Information Systems in Organizations

Organizational charts depict the hierarchy of employees in an organization

Chapter 10: Information Systems Analysis and Design

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Information Systems in Organizations

Information systems can: Automate routine tasks Make decisions in response to problems Structured problem Semi-structured problem Unstructured problem Collect and store internal or external information

Four types of Information system: - Transaction Processing System (TPS) - Management Information system (MIS) - Decision support system (DSS) - Expert system and Neural network
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Chapter 10: Information Systems Analysis and Design

IS Vs IT
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Hardware Software Databases

Payroll System

Inventory System

are used to build

INFORMATION SYSTEMS Marketing System

Networks
Other related components

Customer Service System

System Development Life Cycle

Waterfall SDLC Modified Waterfall SDLC Iterative SDLC

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Problem/Opportunity Identification
The existing system is evaluated.
Problems are defined. New proposals are reviewed. Decisions are made to proceed with the projects. The process is documented. Relevant problems/opportunities are defined.

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Analysis
A program specification (goals and objectives of the project) is developed. A feasibility assessment is performed. User requirements are defined. Analysts recommend a plan of action.

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Design
A detailed plan for programmers is developed. Flowcharts and data-flow diagrams are used for the current and proposed system.
Data-flow diagram Flowchart

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Testing and Installation

Program is tested for proper operation. Application testing is performed in three ways: Unit testing Integration testing Test area System testing Program is installed for use. Testing and results are documented.

System documentation Describes a systems features, hardware architecture, and programming User documentation Describes how to interact with the system to accomplish specific tasks Procedure handbook Contains step-by-step instructions for performing specific tasks
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Maintenance and Evaluation

Performance of the system is monitored. Corrections and modifications to the program are made. Maintenance procedures and results are documented.

CHAPTER COMPLETED
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SCL QUESTIONS
1. Some individuals and small organizations prefer using spreadsheets instead of database to maintain data because of the features are might similar and it is easier to install and maintain spreadsheet than database software. After you learn this chapter, stated the reasons why it is not advisable to store large amounts of data in spreadsheet and justify why databases are a more appropriate solution? 2. How do relational databases organize and manipulate data? 3. List the advantages of using system analysis and design techniques in approaching computerized information systems for business. 4. Perfect Pizza wants to install a system to record orders for pizza and chicken wings. When regular customers call Perfect Pizza on the phone, they are asked their phone number. When the number is typed into a computer, the name, address, and last order date is automatically brought up on the screen. Once the order is taken, the total, including tax and delivery, is calculated. Then the order is given to the cook. A receipt is printed. Occasionally, special offers (coupons) are printed so the customer can get a discount. Drivers who make deliveries give customers a copy of the receipt and a coupon (if any). Weekly totals are kept for comparison with last years performance. Write a summary of business activities for taking an order at Perfect Pizza. Draw a flowchart, ERD and DFD context diagram for Perfect Pizza. (2xA4, Times New Roman, size 12, 1 or 2 spacing, justify, hand in by next lab)