Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Define project, project management, RAD, JAD Describe the project triangle and its tradeoffs Describe project management activities Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of functional, project (purpose) and matrix structures Describe the advantages, disadvantages and characteristics of SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) and prototyping Describe the phases of SDLC Describe project dimensions affecting risk Discuss integration in dealing with risk Discuss issues in managing behavioral factors Discuss open sourcing as a development approach
Project Management
Project - temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service
may be divided into subprojects
Project management - application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet or exceed stakeholder needs and expectations from a project
Project Triangle
Time
QUALITY
Cost
Scope
Development Models
Systems Development Life Cycle Rapid Applications Development (RAD) Prototyping Joint Applications Development (JAD) (like RAD with users) Agile Programming Object-Oriented
SDLC - Characteristics
Problem or Opportunity Many names; Widely applicable Analysis vs. Synthesis Variance across stages
SDLC - Characteristics
Disciplined approach Systems approach Iterative (not sequential) Cyclical
SDLC - Advantages
Focus on tradeoffs Focus on goals Controls: milestones, checklist, accountability Tools, models, CASE Hierarchical decomposition Designed for user & manager involvement
SDLC Phases
Initiation and Feasibility Requirements Definition Functional Design Technical Design and Construction Verification Implementation Test Maintenance & Review
SDLC Cycle
Problem/Opportunity Definition
Symptoms vs. real problems Question decision makers statement of problem Bound problem realistically Try to ascertain actual cause Sometimes figuring out the problem is half the solution
Logical design
Outputs Inputs Presentation Processes Databases Personnel
Finalize architecture and acquire hardware Complete technical definition of data access and other system components Make (program) vs. buy Develop test plans Revise schedule, plan and costs
V. Verification
Program Testing
Structured walkthrough Code inspection Unit test Pairs testing
VI. Implementation
Cut-over
Parallel conversion Direct cut-over Pilot conversion Phased conversion
User training
Iterative Development
System Concept Version 1
Version 2
Version N
Uses of Prototyping
Verifying user needs Verifying that design = specifications Selecting the best design Developing a conceptual understanding of novel situations
Uses of Prototyping
Prototyping
Proposed Advantages Improved user communication Users like it Low risk Avoids overdesign Experimentation and innovation Spreads labor to user department Disadvantages in practice Prototypes are used as is Integration often difficult Design flaws Poor performance Difficult to manage process Creates unrealistic expectations Documentation is difficult
effort decreased (+) difficult costestimation (-) end-user participation increased (+) more expertise needed (-) difficult planning & control (-)
Complexity
Extent of difficulty Interdependence of components Relative
Clarity
High vs. Low
Integration Tools
EXTERNAL
User project manager User specification approval process User-managed control process Users as team members User responsibility for education&installation
INTERNAL
IT professional team leader Frequent team meetings Regular technical status reviews Outside technical assistance Goal setting by team