Mid-Semester-I Answers

1.

D =3.96 m CNG = 8.0327 pF/m and CG = 8.011 pF/m Vs =41.17 kV, Is =328.03 A, pfs,=0.694, =9.170, Regulation =26.4%, Efficiency=91.17% a) Q = 26.46 Mvar (lagging) b) Q=9.85 Mvar (leading) Sag (d) = 1.77 m, Horizontal tension (H) =2497.5 kg

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Review of Last Class

Critical disruptive voltage or corona inception voltage Visual Critical Disruptive voltage or Visual corona disruptive voltage Corona loss

Peeks formula Andersons formula Factors affecting corona

Merits and demerits of corona

http://www.ei12.elecrama.com/ei12infinite/inde x.aspx

Visual Critical Disruptive Voltage

D Vc = g max r ln r

Critical Disruptive Voltage

D Vc = m0 g 0 r ln kV r
0.301 1 + r ln D kV Vd = mv g 0 r r

Visual critical disruptive voltage

Corona Loss
Peeks Empirical Relation of corona loss kW/km/phase

Relation for corona in fair whether condition For storm, wet or foul whether condition

Pc = 241 10 5

f + 25 r (V p Vc ) 2 d

f + 25 r (V p 0.8Vc ) 2 Pc = 241 10 d
5

Petersons Empirical Relation of corona loss kW/km/phase

When the ratio Vp/Vc < 1.8 Petersons formula Vp/Vc F 1 0.05

1.11066 10 4 f V 2 Pc = F 2 ( ln ( d / r ) )
1.4 0.3 1.6 1

Factors Affecting Corona

Atmospheric factors
Temperature Dust and dirt

Pressure Rain, snow, fog Supply voltage

Electrical factor
Frequency

Line configuration
Conductor configuration Diameter of conductor Number of conductor per phase Conductor spacing Profile of conductor Surface condition Heating of conductor by load current

Merits and Demerits of Corona

Merits

Act as safety valve during lightning and switching surges. The waves gets dissipated as corona loss. Other applications:

Van de Graaff generator, Electrostatic precipitator, Electro printing, Ionization counting, Electrostatic deposition

Demerits

Corona loss reduces efficiency. Ionized air around the conductor works as conducting medium increases effective diameter of conductor. This increases capacitance and decrease surge impedance loading. Interference with communication lines.

Prevention of Corona

Economic consideration, it is advisable to build the line corona free for all the whether. Modern practice is to build corona free line in fair whether condition. To prevent corona loss, critical disruptive voltage higher the phase voltage. Increasing conductor spacing Increasing radius of conductor (Expanded ACSR) Use of bundled conductors Spacing between bundled conductor Homogenous Insulators: Elimination of sharp points: Using Corona rings: Surface Treatments:

Corona Ring

Corona Review

What is corona? Mechanism of corona formation Critical disruptive voltage Visual critical disruptive voltage Corona loss Factors affecting corona Methods to prevent corona

Underground Cables

Advantage of Underground Cables

Underground cables are technically advantages than the overhead lines Not exposed to environmental conditions Inductance is lower in cable so voltage drop is less However, high erection cost, low heat dissipation and high charging current makes it uneconomical for long distance transmission Cables are preferred in following conditions:

Public safety involved and low interference is required Large populated cities Scenic beauty of city is important Submarine crossing, and substation and transformer connections

Components of Power Cable

Components of Power Cable

Conductor for carrying current Conductor shield to provide smooth radial electric field Insulation to insulate high voltage conductor Insulation shield (optional) to provide smooth radial electric field. Also act as hermitic seal of cable. Metallic sheath and/or plastic jacket for mechanical protection. Metal sheath protect cable from water ingress. Metal wire armoring (optional) for mechanical protection

Materials Used in Cables

Conductors

Copper or aluminum Stranded for flexibility Size is decided by required ampacity Temperature rise should be in limit to avoid degradation of the insulation Paper (impregnated) PVC (polyvinyl cloride) Thermoset materials (XLPE, TR-XLPE, EPR) Liquid and gaseous insulation

Insulation Material

Main Properties of Insulating Material

High insulation resistance Higher dielectric strength Good mechanical properties Immunity to chemical attack over temperature range Non-hygroscopic (free from moisture) Less costly Long life and low degradation Higher thermal conductance Low relative permittivity and less tangent angle (loss tangent) Easy handling, manufacture and installation

Insulation: Paper

Dry paper is excellent insulator but losses the property quickly if it becomes wet. Dry paper is hygroscopic, so it must be sealed from air contact. Thus, it is sheathed with water resistant materials. Performance is improved by impregnating with mineral oil. It has relative permittivity of 3.6 and can withstand 20kV/mm. Ratings: 800C continuous loading, 1300C short time overload and 2000C for short circuit. Requires special jointing mechanism to ensure the appropriate sealing. Weight of cable is also higher as compared to PVC and XLPE

Insulation: PVC

Synthetic insulation material, most used for low voltage cable insulation. Resistant to oil and chemicals, and clean to handle. Normal PVC difficult to work below 50C, but special PVC can be worked upto -200C. At higher temperature it becomes soft so should not be allowed to exceed 700C. It has relative permittivity of 5 and can withstand 17 kV/mm. Advantages:
1. 2. 3.

Reduced overall cost Unaffected by moisture, common acids and alkalis Reduced weight

Insulation: Thermoset Materials

These are also synthetic materials which do not soften, flow or get distorted when subjected to heat and pressure. XLPE (Cross linked polyethylene)

Long chains of polyethylene molecules are linked by carbon atoms. Better electrical properties than PVC. Extensively used for medium and high voltage cables (up to 500 kV). Can be used up to 900C conductor temperature and worked upto -400C.

It has relative permittivity of 2.5 and can withstand 18 kV/mm. Good mechanical strength and lighter in weight

TR-XLPE (tree retardant XLPE): It contains special additive which resists tree formation. EPR (Ethylene propylene rubber): Higher thermal rating, thus higher ampacity. Dielectric properties are lesser than XLPE

Insulation: Liquid and Gaseous Insulation

In solid insulation voids are main problem which starts the partial discharge and may lead to breakdown. Void formation can be prevented by Filling the cable with an insulating gas (N or SF6) at high pressure. Use of low viscosity oil under (mineral oil) pressure. This results in much higher safe electric stresses and also high permissible operating temperature.