Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Main Topics
The Boundary-Layer Concept Boundary-Layer Thicknesses Laminar Flat-Plate Boundary Layer: Exact Solution Momentum Integral Equation Use of the Momentum Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient Pressure Gradients in Boundary-Layer Flow Drag Lift
Fox, Pritchard, & McDonald
Momentum Thickness, q
Use of the Momentum Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient
Simplify Momentum Integral Equation (Item 1)
Use of the Momentum Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient
Laminar Flow
Example: Assume a Polynomial Velocity Profile (Item 2)
Use of the Momentum Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient
Laminar Flow Results (Polynomial Velocity Profile)
Use of the Momentum Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient
Turbulent Flow
Example: 1/7-Power Law Profile (Item 2)
Use of the Momentum Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient
Turbulent Flow Results (1/7-Power Law Profile)
Drag
Drag Coefficient
with or
Drag
Pure Friction Drag: Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow Pure Pressure Drag: Flat Plate Perpendicular to the Flow Friction and Pressure Drag: Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder Streamlining
Drag
Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow: Friction Drag
Boundary Layer can be 100% laminar, partly laminar and partly turbulent, or essentially 100% turbulent; hence several different drag coefficients are available
Fox, Pritchard, & McDonald
Drag
Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow: Friction Drag (Continued) Laminar BL:
Drag
Flow over a Flat Plate Perpendicular to the Flow: Pressure Drag
Drag
Flow over a Flat Plate Perpendicular to the Flow: Pressure Drag (Continued)
Drag
Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder: Friction and Pressure Drag
Drag
Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder: Friction and Pressure Drag (Continued)
Streamlining
Used to Reduce Wake and hence Pressure Drag
Lift
Mostly applies to Airfoils
Lift
Examples: NACA 23015; NACA 662-215
Lift
Induced Drag
Lift
Induced Drag (Continued)
Reduction in Effective Angle of Attack:
Lift
Induced Drag (Continued)