Computer and Information Technology for (HKCEE) Module C

2.1Communication Protocols
2.2Bandwidth
2.3Modes of Transmission
2.4Multiplexing
2.5Network Switching Technology
 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.1 Communication Protocols

Protocol
a special set of rules that computers in a network
must match the same way for communication
Example of communication protocols
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
TCP: exchange messages with other Internet points
IP: send and receive messages
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
exchange files on the WWW

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.1 Communication Protocols

Example of communication protocols
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
exchange files between computers on the Internet
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
allow network administrator to manage network IPs
centrally
automate the assignment of IP addresses in an
organisation network

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.2 Bandwidth
Bandwidth
describe the information-carrying capacity
amount of data transmitted per unit time
expressed in bits per second (bps)
Baud rate
measure the number of information unit
transferred in 1 s
each information unit are formed by several bits

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.2 Bandwidth
Example
6 information units are sent in 2 s and each
information unit consists of 4 bits.
Find the Baud rate and the bandwidth.
Solution
Baud rate = 6/2 = 3 baud
bandwidth = 3 × 4 = 12 bps

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.2 Bandwidth
Bandwidth in analogue systems
width of a communication channel
measured in Hertz (Hz)
difference between the upper and lower
frequency

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.3 Modes of Transmission

Data transmission
categorised as serial and parallel
based on
number of transmission lines
distance between two devices

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.3 Modes of Transmission

Serial data transmission
suitable for communication
in long distance
RS-232C interface and
protocol
transmission rate: 1 bit at a
time
cheap, simple to maintain
and establish but slow

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.3 Modes of Transmission

Parallel data transmission
suitable for communication in
short distance
IEEE488 interface and
protocol
transmission rate: more than
1 bit at a time
fast but expensive, affected
by interference easily

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.3 Modes of Transmission

Simplex
one-way communication
one is a transmitter and the other is a receiver
e.g. radio

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.3 Modes of Transmission

Half-duplex
two-way communication
the device only either transmit or receive at a time
e.g. walkie-talkie

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.3 Modes of Transmission

Full-duplex
two-way communication
allow device to transmit and receive data
simultaneously
e.g. telephone

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.3 Modes of Transmission

Two modes of parallel data transmission
asynchronous mode
synchronous mode

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.3 Modes of Transmission

Asynchronous mode
only one character is sent each time
a start bit is added to the front of the character
a stop bit is add to the end of the character

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.3 Modes of Transmission

Synchronous mode
basic unit: data block
data block consists of
sync character (at the start)
data bits
data block ending code (at the end)

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 Computer and Information
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Module C: Part A

2.4 Multiplexing
Multiplexer
combine several low-speed transmission into one
high-speed transmission
Demultiplexer
break the high transmission rate stream into lower
rate streams

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 Computer and Information
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Module C: Part A

2.4 Multiplexing
Multiplexing
aggregation of multiple streams of data onto a
common transmission medium
Types of multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

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 Computer and Information
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Module C: Part A

2.4 Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
divides the bandwidth into time slices
efficient as a transmitting station is permitted the
use of the entire band

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 Computer and Information
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Module C: Part A

2.4 Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
divide the bandwidth into bands of sub-frequencies
inefficient as each device permanently occupies a
sub-frequency

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 Computer and Information
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Module C: Part A

2.5 Network Switching Technologies

Circuit-switched network
a line is dedicated to a single connection between
two end-points in the network
Operations
link up a connection
transmit messages
cut off the line when transmission is over
connection-oriented
all resources on the circuit are unavailable for other users
e.g. ordinary voice phone service

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.5 Network Switching Technologies

Circuit-switched network

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.5 Network Switching Technologies

Packet-switched network
small units of data (packets) are routed through a
network based on the destination address
connectionless
share the same path between many users
e.g. LAN and Internet

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 Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module C: Part A

2.5 Network Switching Technologies

Packet-switched network

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Computer and Information Technology for (HKCEE) Module C

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