Urban Management

Definitions:
Concentrations of non agricultural workers and non agricultural production centers. It has a certain legal status given by national or provincial government.
UNCHS 1996,

Importance of Urban Centers

Urban Centers are complex entities, that has to be dealt with differently. Urbanization is a pre-requisite to growth and development Urban governance is more than government. It can be defined as the sum of the ways through which individuals and institutions plan affairs, for mutual benefit and overall benefit of the urban space.
UN report on cities.

% population living in Urban Areas

Source: World Resources Institute. 1996 Continents Africa Asia Europe Latin America North America 1970 23 24 64 58 73 1995 34 35 73 74 77 2025 54 56 82 85 84

Future of Cities
Biggest cities in the world are now in developing countries. India, China, Indonesia large city countries. Choice to move v/s forced move (WB) Though there is improvement in many areas, issues remain.

Local Ecno & Politics

Infrastructure

Urban Quality of Life

Civic Services

Municipal Finances

Living Environment

Indias Urban Challenges

India has one of the largest urban systems in the world. Urban contribution to GDP 60% (2002) with 2(% of Indian population. (40% population by 2030) Local government (political and administrative) is weak and lack in prestige. Focus on master planning without basis and sufficient time horizon. Who pays for services ?

Indias Urban Challenges

Concentration of growth is on Class I cities. city to city migration. City Corridor development with blooming economy. 72 % registered industrial units in Urban areas and increasing (1990) City centric service sector growth IT/ITES, Retail, entertainment etc.

Categories of cities.
Mega Cities: above 10 million population.
World cities. (Bombay/Delhi/Calcutta/Bangalore)
Big/Large Cities : Population above 1 million.

Medium/Small City/Satellite Cities.

Indian Classification: Class I (1 lakh + (65% urban population) to Class 6 less than 5000). 3600 + urban centers 26% of Indian population. Projection end of century 40 cities and 112 million urbanites.

Urban Development Spiral (Pangotra et al, 2008)

Increase in revenues (widened tax base) of ULBs will facilitate resource mobilization and therefore infrastructure and urban services. This would improve quality of life in city. This would attract investments and create employment opportunities. Economic growth will lead to urban development

Some policy issues.

Fiscal health of cities. Excess focus on mega cities (right/wrong). Growth of secondary/sattelite cities. Urban Settlements 1/3rd slums. (Land Management Issues) Resources for cities (financial), skilled manpower and management procedures. City Service Provision is infrastructure adequate.? 74th CAA including town planning, regulation of land use, slum improvement and provision of basic amenities: 12th schedule. Citys relationship with the rural hinterland. City and its ecology/heritage. Are the cities sustainable and livable?

What are sustainable cities?

A sustainable city is a city where achievements in social,economic, and physical development are made to last
(UN Center for Human Settlements)

Cities and towns that fulfill the promise of development for their inhabitants - in particular, by improving the lives of the poor and promoting equity - while contributing to the progress of the entire country
(World Bank)

A sustainable city enhances and integrates the economic, social, cultural and environmental well-being of current and future generations
(International Center for Sustainable Cities, Canada)

Sustainability in Global Context

Cities build around a core theme. Friendliness of the City. Building the City Brand.
Strategic Trade and Commerce, Defence Istanbul, Singapore, Mumbai, Aden, Shanghai, Venice Political Seat of Power Washington DC, Chandigarh, Brasilia, Paris, Rome, New Delhi, Athens Religious Ancient cities Haridwar, Rome, Varanasi, Vatican, Jerusalem

Need for Urban Management.

Cities as economic drivers and large population depends on cities. Cities requires to be governed for sustainability and livability. Large investment management. Issues related to physical and social infrastructure critical.

City Population.
Urban growth in population has relationship with economic growth. Poverty in rural areas do drive people into cities. Change of expectations about quality of life acts as another driver. Hostilities and conflicts. Reverse migration rates lower. Differences in migration patterns Class I v/s. II cities. Gender pattern in migration.

Rural Urban Migration

Country Argentina Brazil Columbia India Nigeria Sri-lanka Tanzania Thailand Annual Urban Growth % 2 4.5 4.9 3.8 7 4.3 7.5 5.3 Share due to Migration % 35 36 43 45 64 61 64 45

Participants in Urbanization Process

Infrastructure Users. Communities resident in cities. Community based organisations. Governments. Investors and third parties.

Gated Communities within Cities

Community/User Expectations:
Availability of adequate facilities. Land Management (Personal _ Public _ Private _Community). (land hording) Accessibility of facilities Proper working of urban administration. Safety for self and others Low operating costs.

Urban Living Condition: - Few: Indicators.

Urban Area. Population Density. (Crowding) Average Household Income Income Differentials House Price to Income Ratio Work Trips by Public Transportation Travel Time to Work Households with connection to Sewage, Water, Power. Access to commutable roads and portable water.
Source: World Development report 2000.

How to participate in urban development.

Community Based Strategies:
Most elementary form of involvement
Support development of facilities. Enhance community groups capacity to manage. Enable community management through appropriate changes in legal, technical and policy frameworks.

Forms cont.
Area Based Strategies:
Common form of government directed programs. May not be community participation in full form. Most PPP programs operate in this domain.

Forms Cont...
Functionality Based.
The functional structure of infrastructure as frame of reference. Dives the operations into functions (unbundling).
Process based: Integrated development.

Options in Urban Service Delivery

Government provided. Self Help(variation of community based )
self organized, depends on informal processes.

Privatized. PPP. Third System:(NGOs).

Educator, mediator, consultant and occasionally project manager.

Urban Reforms
Mandatory : Legal, Institutional, Financial Process re-engineering through deployment of technology, involving community/users.

Optional Reforms (common to the state and ULBs.)

Indian Initiatives
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission covering seven mega cities & 28 other identified centers. Shift of focus from asset creation to management of assets and accountability for service provision. Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program. National Urban Transportation Policy making city travel easier.

Urban Health and Poverty Reduction.

PURA.
In all, private sector participation is envisaged.

Roadblocks for Reforms

Overlapping Roles Fragmentation Limited Autonomy of ULBs Weak Citizen Links Lack of Incentives Lack of Capacity.

Priority Issues.
Governance.
Need to give more participation for users and communities in affairs of the city. Democratic pattern has its inefficiencies. More open collaboration with communities and open form of governance. Enhance prestige of elected members Enhance capacity of elected and administrative staff.

Issues (Cont)
Planning: Multi level planning envisaged under the 74 CA.
Local level , District/Metro Area Plan and State Plans.

UDP of GOI.
Long term perspective plan Development Plan Mid Term Annual Plan Project/Scheme Plan
Sectoral master Plans are separate

Issues.
Land Management.
Making the city more livable. How does cities grow ? Spread versus vertical growth. Better use of land, by use of cleaner production methods and efficient waste disposal. Land acquisition, common facilities, low income households. (development control rules)

Issues:
Making the city livable.
Public Health. Drinking Water & sanitation. Transportation. Energy. Waste Management Recreation and entertainment.

Other Issues:
Urban Poverty Urban Crime. Education and Skill Development. Public Health.

Cities and New Economy

Cities are incubators of New Ideas and entrepreneurs Cities are centers of information exchange Cities are centers of modern services Cities are the seat of Knowledge Industries and they require interaction with research, medical, entertainment and financial institutions High quality cities will be the leaders of future.