Microcontrollers

8051

Microprocessors:
General-purpose microprocessor
CPU for Computers No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself ExampleIntels x86, Motorolas 680x0
Many chips on mothers board

CPU GeneralPurpose Microprocessor

Data Bus

RAM

ROM

I/O Port

Timer

Serial COM Port

Address Bus General-Purpose Microprocessor System

Microcontroller :
A smaller computer On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports... ExampleMotorolas 6811, Intels 8051, Zilogs Z8 and PIC 16X

CPU

RAM ROM

A single chip
I/O Port
Serial Timer COM Port Microcontroller

Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

Microprocessor CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are separate designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports. expansive versatility general-purpose Microcontroller CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports for applications in which cost, power and space are critical single-purpose

Advantages over mp
Cost is lower Standalone mp never used memory, I/O, clock necessary For mp- large size PCB Large PCB- more effort and cost Big physical size More difficult to trouble shoot mp based A mc is a mp with integrated peripherals.

Advantages of mc
Low cost Small size of product Easy to troubleshoot and maintain More reliable Additional mem, I/o can also be added Software security feature All features available with 40 pins. Useful for small dedicated applications and not for larger system designs which may require many more I/O ports. Mostly used to implement small control functions.

Block Diagram
External interrupts Interrupt Control On-chip ROM for program code
Timer/Counter

On-chip RAM

Timer 1 Timer 0

Counter Inputs

CPU
Serial Port

OSC

Bus Control

4 I/O Ports

P0 P1 P2 P3

TxD RxD

Address/Data

Pin Description of the 8051

P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 RST (RXD)P3.0 (TXD)P3.1 (INT0)P3.2 (INT1)P3.3 (T0)P3.4 (T1)P3.5 (WR)P3.6 (RD)P3.7 XTAL2 XTAL1 GND 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 Vcc P0.0(AD0 P0.1(AD1) ) P0.2(AD2 P0.3(AD3) ) P0.4(AD4) P0.5(AD5) P0.6(AD6) P0.7(AD7) EA/VPP ALE/PROG PSEN P2.7(A15) P2.6(A14 P2.5(A13 ) P2.4(A12 ) P2.3(A11) ) P2.2(A10) P2.1(A9) P2.0(A8)

8051 (8031)

Register Set of 8051-SFR

Special Function Registers (SFR) are special purpose registers 21 in number Addresses from 80H to FFH of all SFRs Two 8 bit regist. A and B store operands A, B, PSW, P0-P3, IP, IE, TCON,SCON
Bit addressable, 8bit each, 11 in number
SP, DPH,DPL,TMOD,TH0,TL0,TH1,TL1,SBUF,PCON
Byte addressable, 8bit each. DPTR data pointer, accesses ext. mem. DPH + DPL = DPTR

Starting 32 bytes of RAM general purpose reg, divided into 4 register banks of 8 registers each. Only one of these bank accessible at one time. RS1 and RS0 of PSW used to select bank.

Register Set of 8051-SFR

TH0-TL0 and TH1-TL1
16 bit timer registers

P0-P3 port latches SP, PSW, IP Interrupt Priority, IE enable TCON timer/counter control reg to turn on/off the timers, interrupt control flags for ext. int like INT1 and INT0 TMOD modes of operation of timer/counter SCON serial port mode control reg SBUF serial data buffer for transmit and receive PCON Power control reg power down bit, idle bit

Registers
A B R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 PSW (8) Some 8-bitt Registers of the 8051 SP (8) Some 8051 16-bit Register hold addresses DPTR DPH DPL

PC

PC

8051 features
Internal ROM 4K, RAM 128bytes Thirty two I/O pins as 4 8 bit ports P0 P3 Two 16 bit timer/counters T0 and T1
Full duplex serial data receiver/trans. SBUF

Control registers TCON, TMOD, SCON, PCON, IP and IE Two external and three Internal Interrupt sources Oscillator and clock circuits

PCON
Idle mode oscillator, serial port, interrupt, timer blocks are active but clock disabled. Can be terminated with INT or reset Power down mode on-chip osc stopped. RAM contents preserved. Hardware reset Two general purpose flags and a double baud bit.

TMOD Register:

Gate : When set, timer

high.

only runs while INT(0,1) is

C/T : Counter/Timer select bit. M1 : Mode bit 1. M0 : Mode bit 0.

TCON Register:

TF1: Timer 1 overflow flag. TR1: Timer 1 run control bit. TF0: Timer 0 overflag. TR0: Timer 0 run control bit. IE1: External interrupt 1 edge flag. IT1: External interrupt 1 type flag. IE0: External interrupt 0 edge flag. IT0: External interrupt 0 type flag.

Memory addressing
Intermediate results, variables, const 4KB internal from 0000 0FFFH 64KB external with PSEN, till FFFFH Internal external difference PSEN 64KB of external with DPTR signal Internal memory two parts - 128 bytes Internal RAM and secondly set of addresses from 80-FFH for SFRs 128 bytes from 00 7FH direct or indirect SFR addresses only direct addressing mode

Program memory - EPROM

Data Memory RAM

Memory Addressing
Lower 128 bytes in three sections
00-1F 32 bytes 4 banks 00,01,10,11 each containing 8 registers of 8 bits each. Only one accessible at a time with PSW bits. 20-2FH 16bytes is bit addressable with addresses 0F to 7FH, 20.7 or 20.0, or 0-7 30-7F 80 bytes of general purpose data memory. It is byte addressable, used for stack

 RAM memory space allocation in the 8051

7FH Scratch pad RAM

30H

2FH
Bit-Addressable RAM 20H 1FH 18H 17H 10H 0FH 08H 07H 00H Register Bank 2 (Stack) Register Bank 1 Register Bank 3

Register Bank 0

External I/O interfacing

8051 has two timers, one Serial i/o port and 4 8bit addressable ports. More I/O as external memory-mapped I/O

Interrupts of 8051
5 sources of Interrupts
INT0 and INT1 bars external interrupt inputs
These are processed internally by IE0 and IE1 flags

Two timers which generate int when FFFFH Serial port interrupt if R1 or T1 is set.

Single step int by software

Interrupt Enable Register :

EA : Global enable/disable.
--: Undefined.

ET2 :Enable Timer 2 interrupt. ES :Enable Serial port interrupt. ET1 :Enable Timer 1 interrupt. EX1 :Enable External 1 interrupt. ET0 : Enable Timer 0 interrupt. EX0 : Enable External 0 interrupt.

Addressing modes
Direct - MOV R0, 89 H, Eg 89 of TMOD
operands 8 bit address field Internal data RAM and SFRS only

Indirect - ADD A, @ R0
Address is stored in R0 or R1 or SP if 8bits 16 bit addresses only in DPTR

Register Instructions - ADD A, R7

Operands in R0 R7 of selected register bank. Register bank selected by two bank select bits of PSW

Register specific (Register Implicit) RLA Immediate Mode ADD A, #100 Indexed Addressing

Addressing Modes
Indexed Addressing
MOVC A, @A+DPTR JMP @ A + DPTR
Used to access only program memory not data Used for look up table manipulations Only PC or data pointer 16 bit storage registers allowed Base address in PC or DPTR, relative addr in A

Identify the addressing modes

MOV A,#50H MOV A, R5 MOV DPTR,#nn MOV 90H, #0a5H MOV 0A8H, 77H MOV @R1,#n MOV A, @R0 MOVX @DPTR,A MOVC A, @A+PC

 Explain the internal and external program memory as well as data memory of 8051 with the diagram showing their capacities. Draw the diagram to Interface Program memory of 16K x 8 EPROM to 8051and give its memory map. The address of memory map should start from 0000H. Discuss about various addressing modes of 8051. Explain the interrupt structure. Mention the priority. Explain how least priority is made as highest priority? Explain in 8051 instruction set to handle bit addressable RAM. Draw and discuss the formats and bit definitions of the following SFRs .(a) IP(b) TMOD(c) TCON(d) SCON (a) Explain the internal RAM organization of 8051? Discuss how switching between register banks is possible? What is the use of SFR? List out the SFR of 8051? Discuss the advantages of microcontroller based systems over microprocessor based systems? (b) With a neat sketch discuss the internal architecture of 8051? Explain the Flags d program status word of 8051 microcontroller? Explain the different types of Interrupt in 8051. Discuss the register set of 8051 Explain the addressing modes of 8051 microcontroller. Explain the different modes of operation of timer/counter in 8051. How does 8051 differentiate between the external and Internal prog mem