Plant Tissues

PIant Tissues and CeIIs
October 18, 2011

Rizal National Science High School
Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies
Mader- Sylvia nquiry into Life: 9th Ed. All Rights Reserved McGraw Hill
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Meristems
Meristematic tissues are clumps of small
cells with dense cytoplasm and
proportionately large nuclei that act as "stem
cells do in animals
Elongation of roots and shoots takes place
by repeated cell divisions and subsequent
elongation by the apical meristem
n some species, lateral meristems
produce an increase in girth
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Meristems
Apical Meristems
Located at tip of stems and roots
- Plant tissues resulting from primary
growth are called primary tissues
Make up primary plant body
- Root apical meristem protected by root
cap
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Meristems
Apical Meristems give rise to three types of
Primary Meristems
Protoderm - Forms epidermis
Procambium - Forms primary vascular
tissue
Ground Meristem - Differentiates into
ground tissue
- ntercalary meristems may arise in stem
internodes.
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Meristems
Lateral Meristems
Most trees, shrubs, and some herbs have
active lateral meristems
- ncreases girth in nonwoody plants
Woody Stems
- Cork Cambium
Produces cork cells
- Vascular Cambium
Produces secondary vascular tissue
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Organization of the Plant Body
Vascular plant consists of:
Root system - Anchors plant and penetrates
soil to absorb water and ions
Shoot system
- Stems - Framework for positioning leaves
- Leaves - Principle sites of photosynthesis
- Repeat unit of the Vegetative Shoot -
nternode, node leaf and axillary buds
eristem
A plant grows during its entire life because it
has a tissue called meristem Iocated in the
stem and root tips.
produces the three types of specialized
tissue systems in the body of a plant:
dermaI tissue,
ground tissue, and
;ascuIar tissue.
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Organization of the Plant Body
Tissue Types
Ground Tissue - Parenchyma cells
- Storage, photosynthesis, secretion
Dermal Tissue - Outer covering
- Epidermis in primary growth plants
Cuticle
- Bark in secondary growth plants
Vascular Tissue - Conduction
- Xylem - Water and Dissolved materials
- Phloem - Carbohydrates
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Primary and Secondary Growth
Primary Growth results from cell division at
the apical meristem at the plant tip
Secondary Growth results from cell division
at lateral meristem increasing the shoot's
girth (very common in "woody plants)
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Ground Tissue
Parenchyma
Store food and water and least specialized
of the plant cells.
Collenchyma
Provide support for plant organs
Sclerenchyma
Function in support
Secondary walls impregnated with lignin
- Fibers and Sclerids
- May be nonliving at maturity
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Parenchyma ceIIs
Parenchyma ceIIs
correspond best to the
typicaI pIant ceII;
they have a primary wall
but no secondary wall.
These are the Ieast
speciaIized of pIant ceII
types and are found in
aII pIant organs. They
may contain chloroplasts
and carry on
photosynthesis, or they
may contain colorless
plastids that store the
products of
photosynthesis.
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CoIIenchyma ceIIs
CoIIenchyma ceIIs are
Iike parenchyma ceIIs
except they ha;e thicker
primary waIIs. The
thickness is uneven
and usually involves the
corners of the cell. They
give flexible
support to immature
regions of a plant body.
The familiar strands in
celery stalks are composed
mostly of collenchyma
cells.
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Fig. 38.12b
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$cIerenchyma ceIIs
$cIerenchyma ceIIs ha;e
thick secondary ceII
waIIs, usually impregnated
with lignin, an organic
substance that makes the
walls tough and hard.
Sclerenchyma cells are
typically dead; their primary
function is to support
mature plant regions
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Two types of sclerenchyma cells are scIereids and fibers.
Sclereids are found in seed coats and nut shells; they give pears their gritty
texture.
Fibers can be commercially important: hemp fibers are used to make rope;
flax fibers can be woven into linen.
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Dermal Tissue
Epidermal cells cover all parts of primary plant body
Guard cells - Dumbbell-shaped cells flanking
stomata, open close pore
- Up to 10
6
stomata/cm
2
on leaf under surface
Trichomes - Hairlike outgrowths giving fuzzy
appearance of leaf
- Regulate microclimate
- Can secrete toxic substances to deter
herbivory
Root hairs - Tubular extensions of epidermal
cells
- ncrease root surface area
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Dermal Tissue
The walls of epidermal cells that are exposed
to air are covered with a waxy cuticIe to
minimize water Ioss.
In roots, certain epidermal cells have long,
slender projections called root hairs.
Root hairs increase the surface area of the
root for absorption of water and minerals;
they also help to anchor the plant firmly in
place.
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Dermal Tissue
n leaves, the lower epidermis in particular
contains specialized cells, such as guard
ceIIs, which surround microscopic pores
called stomates
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Dermal Tissue
n older woody plants, the epidermis of the
stem is replaced by cork tissue.
Cork, the outer co;ering of the bark of
trees, is made up of dead cork cells that may
be sloughed off
New cork cells are made by a meristem
called cork cambium.
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Dermal Tissue
Epidermis covers all
parts of a plant. n
leaves, epidermis
contains stomates,
bordered by guard
cells, for gas
exchange.
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Vascular Tissue
Xylem
Principle water-conducting tissue
Transports water and mineraIs from the
roots up the stems to the leaves
- Combination of vessel members (tubular
cells connected end to end) and tracheids
Primary xylem derived from procambium
Secondary xylem formed by vascular
cambium
- Wood is accumulated secondary xylem
Vascular Tissue
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Xylem contains two types of conducting cells:
tracheids and ;esseI eIements
oth of these types of conducting cells are
hollow and nonliving at maturity.
Water flows from tracheid to tracheid through
pits, depressions where the secondary
wall does not form
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Vascular Tissue
Phloem
Principle food-conducting tissue in vascular
plants, located toward the outer part of roots
and stems
contains sieve-tube elements, each of which
is associated with at least one companion
cell.
Sieve-tube elements, which have perforated
end walls called sieve plates, contain
cytoplasm but no nuclei. Strands of cytoplasm
called plasmodesmata extend from one cell to
the next through the sieve plates.
Vascular Tissue
Companion ceIIs
- much smaller than sieve-tube
elements, but each has all the
cellular components, including a
nucleus.
- helps a sieve-tube element perform
its function of transporting organic
nutrients.
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Vascular Tissue
t is important to realize that vascular tissue
(xylem and phloem) extends from the root to
the leaves and vice versa.
n the roots, located in the vascular
cylinder
n the stem, it forms vascular bundles
n the leaves, it is found in leaf veins.
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$ome pIant
ceII types.
Meristem produces new cells,
and these cells differentiate
into the specialized cells
shown.
The dermal tissue system
consists of the epidermal cells
of epidermis, the outermost
tissue in all organs of the plant.
The ground tissue system
contains parenchyma and
sclerenchyma cells found in
cortex and pith, for example.
The vascular tissue system
contains the vessel elements
and the tracheids found in
xylem and the sieve-tube
elements found in
phloem.
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Summarizing the Concepts
Dermal tissue consists of epidermis, which is
modified in different organs of the plant. n
the roots, epidermal cells bear root hairs; in
the leaves, the epidermis contains guard
cells. Cork replaces epidermis in woody
plants.
Ground tissue contains parenchyma cells,
which are thin walled and capable of
photosynthesis when they contain
chloroplasts.
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f they contain only colorless plastids, they
serve as storage cells. Collenchyma cells
have thicker walls for flexible support.
Sclerenchyma cells are hollow, nonliving
support cells with thick secondary walls.
Vascular tissue consists of xylem and
phloem. Xylem contains vessel elements that
have no end walls and tracheids that are
tapered, with pitted end walls. Neither
contains cytoplasm or nuclei.
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Xylem transports water and minerals.
Phloem contains sieve-tube elements, each
of which has a companion cell. Phloem
transports organic nutrients.
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Example Exercise
Which of these cells in a plant is apt to be
nonliving?
a. parenchyma
b. collenchyma
c. sclerenchyma
d. epidermal
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Answert
C. Sclerenchyma
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General Direction
Write the letter of your answer
on a sheet of paper
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"uestion No. 1
Between the bark and the wood in a woody
stem, there is a layer of meristem called
a. cork cambium.
b. vascular cambium.
c. apical meristem.
d. the zone of cell division.
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"uestion No. 2
Extension of a root epidermal cell that
increases the surface area for the absorption
of water and minerals.
a. Root Hairs
b. Epidermis
c. Cork
d. Cortex
Mader- Sylvia nquiry into Life: 9
th
Ed. All Rights Reserved McGraw Hill Companies
"uestion No. 3
Vascular tissue that conducts organic solutes
in plants; contains sieve-tube elements and
companion cells.
a. Phloem
b. Xylem
c. Root Hairs
d. Cork
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"uestion No. 4
Select the incorrect association.
a. collenchymaflexible support
b. parenchymaunspecialized
c. sclerenchymatough and hard
d. sieve tubemechanical strength
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"uestion No. 5
Select the correct association.
a. phloemminerals
b. phloemphotosynthesis
c. xylemsugar
d. xylemwater
th
Assignment
Answer Activity 5 PLANT TSSUES and
CELLS. To be submitted tomorrow ( October
19, 2011)
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PIant Tissues and CeIIs

October 18, 2011

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