Systems Analysis & Design

Sixth Edition

Chapter 7
Data Design Concepts
● Data Structures
– A file or table contains data about people,
places, things, or events that interact with
the system
– File-oriented system
– File processing system
– Database system

2
Data Design Concepts
● Overview of File Processing
– Potential problems
• Data redundancy
• Data integrity
• Rigid data structure

3
Data Design Terminology
● Definitions
– Entity
– Table or file
– Field
• Attribute
• Common field
– Record
• Tuple

4
Data Design Terminology
● Referential Integrity
– Validity checks can help avoid data input
errors

5
Entity-Relationship Diagrams
● Drawing an ERD
– The first step is to
list the entities that
you identified
during the fact-
finding process and
to consider the
nature of the
relationships that
link them

6
Normalization
● Standard Notation Format
– Designing tables is easier if you use a
standard notation format to show a
table’s structure, fields, and primary key

Example: NAME (FIELD 1, FIELD 2, FIELD 3)

7
Normalization
● Repeating Groups and
Unnormalized Designs
– Repeating group
• Often occur in manual documents prepared by
users
– Unnormalized design

8
Normalization
● A Normalization
Example
– To show the
normalization process,
consider the familiar
situation, which
depicts several
entities in a school
advising system:
ADVISOR, COURSE,
and STUDENT

9
Database Models
● Object-Oriented Databases
– Many systems developers are using object-
oriented database (OODB) design as a
natural extension of the object-oriented
analysis process
• Object Data standard
• Object Database Management Group (ODMG)
• Each object has a unique object identifier

10
Data Storage and Access
● Data storage and access involve
strategic business tools
● Strategic tools for data storage and
access
– Data warehouse - dimensions

11
Chapter Summary
● Files and tables contain data
about people, places, things, or
events that affect the
information system
● DBMS designs are more powerful
and flexible than traditional file-
oriented systems

12
Chapter Summary
● Data design tasks include
creating an initial ERD; assigning
data elements to an entity;
normalizing all table designs; and
completing the data dictionary
entries for files, records, and
data elements
● Logical storage is information
seen through a user’s eyes,
regardless of how or where that
information actually is organized
or stored
13
Chapter Summary
● Physical storage is hardware-
related and involves reading and
writing blocks of binary data to
physical media
● File and database control measures
include limiting access to the data,
data encryption, backup/recovery
procedures, audit-trail files, and
internal audit fields

● Chapter 7 complete 14