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Homeostasis
Cells
Cells make up body systems
Atmosphere 1
O2
CO2
Alveoli of lungs
CO2 O2
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in the alveoli and the blood
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
CO2 O2
Food + O2
Internal respiration
Fig. 12-1, p. 366
Tissue cell
Nasal passages Mouth Pharynx Larynx Trachea Respiratory bronchiole Terminal bronchiole
Cartilaginous ring
Right bronchus Bronchiole Alveolar sac
Terminal bronchiole
Smooth muscle
Branch of pulmonary vein
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolus
Pores of Kohn
Alveolar macrophage
Pulmonary capillary
Alveolus
Erythrocyte
Left pleural sac Right lung Left lung Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity filled with intrapleural fluid Pleural cavity filled with intrapleural fluid
Thoracic wall
Diaphragm
Atmospheric pressure (the pressure exerted by the weight of the gas in the atmosphere on objects on the Earths surface760 mm Hg at sea level)
Thoracic wall
Intra-alveolar pressure (the pressure within the alveoli760 mm Hg when equilibrated with atmospheric pressure)
Plural wall
Lungs
Intrapleural pressure (the pressure within the pleural sacthe pressure exerted outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity, usually less than atmospheric pressure at 756 mm Hg)
756 mm Hg
760 mm
Vacuum
Mercury (Hg)
Thoracic wall
Transmural pressure gradient across lung wall = intra-alveolar pressure minus intrapleural pressure
Transmural pressure gradient across thoracic wall = atmospheric pressure minus intrapleural pressure
Fig. 12-7, p. 371
760
Puncture wound in chest wall
760 760
760
760
756
756
Traumatic pneumothorax
(Continue to the next slide)
760
760
760
760
760
760
756
Collapsed lung
(Continue to the next slide)
760
Hole in lung
760
760
760
760
756
756
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Volume = 1 Pressure = 1
Abdominal muscles
Elevation of ribs causes sternum to move upward and outward, which increases front-to-back dimension of thoracic cavity
Diaphragm (relaxed)
Contraction of diaphragm Lowering of diaphragm on contraction increases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity
Before inspiration Contractions of external intercostal muscles causes elevation of ribs, which increases side-to-side dimension of thoracic cavity
Inspiration
Contraction of internal intercostal muscles flattens ribs and sternum, further reducing side-to-side and front-to-back dimensions of thoracic cavity
Contraction of diaphragm Relaxation of diaphragm Position of relaxed abdominal muscles Contractions of abdominal muscles cause diaphragm to be pushed upward, further reducing vertical dimension of thoracic cavity Active expiration Fig. 12-11bc, p. 375
Passive expiration Return of diaphragm, ribs, and sternum to resting position on relaxation of inspiratory muscles restores thoracic cavity to preinspiratory size
760
756
Before inspiration
760
759
754
During inspiration
760
761
756
During expiration
Inspiration
Expiration
Intraplural pressure
Minimal lung volume (residual volume) at maximum deflation Volume of lungs at end of normal inspiration (average 2,200 ml)
Difference between end-expiratory and end-inspiratory volume equals tidal volume (average 500 ml)
TV = Tidal volume (500ml) IRV = Inspiratory reserve volume (3,000 ml) IC = Inspiratory capacity (3,500 ml) ERV = Expiratory reserve volume (1,000 ml) RV = Residual volume (1,200 ml) FRC = Functional residual capacity (2,200 ml) VC = Vital capacity (4,500 ml) TLC = Total lung capacity (5,700 ml)
Floating drum
Air
Spirogram
Inspired air
Fresh air from inspiration 150 Airway dead-space volume (150 ml)
Alveolar air
Old alveolar air that has exchanged O2 and CO2 with the blood Fresh atmospheric air that has not exchanged O2 and CO2 with the blood
150
500 ml old alveolar air expired 350 ml expired to atmosphere 150 ml remain in dead space
350
150
Old alveolar air that has exchanged O2 and CO2 with the blood Fresh atmospheric air that has not exchanged O2 and CO2 with the blood
During expiration
The numbers in the figure represent ml of air.
Fig. 12-18b, p. 382
150
500 ml fresh air enter from atmosphere
350
150
Old alveolar air that has exchanged O2 and CO2 with the blood
During inspiration
Fresh atmospheric air that has not exchanged O2 and CO2 with the blood
Atmospheric air
Across pulmonary capillaries: O2 partial pressure gradient from alveoli to blood = 60 mm Hg (100 > 40) O2 partial pressure gradient from blood to alveoli = 6 mm Hg (46 > 40)
Inspiration
Expiration
Net diffusion gradients for O2 and CO2 between the lungs and tissues
Alveoli
Pulmonary circulation
Across pulmonary capillaries: O2 partial pressure gradient from blood to alveoli = 6 mm Hg (46 > 40) O2 partial pressure gradient from tissue cell to blood = 6 mm Hg (46 > 40)
Systemic circulation
Tissue cell
= O2 molecule = Partially saturated hemoglobin molecules = Fully saturated hemoglobin molecules Fig. 12-23, p. 389
Arterial PCO2 and acidity, normal body temperature (as at pulmonary level)
Temperature or 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
Tissue cell
Alveolus
Plasma
Pons
Pons respiratory centers Respiratory control centers in brain stem Medullary respiratory center
Pneumotaxic center Apneustic center Pre-Btzinger complex Dorsal respiratory group Ventral respiratory group
Carotid artery
Aortic bodies
Aortic arch
Heart
Arterial PCO2
Relieves
Brain ECF
center
Ventilation
ca = Carbonic anhydrase
Arterial PCO2
Dead Space
Animation
Respiratory Anatomy
Animation
Respiratory Muscle
Animation
Volume Pressure
Animation