Respiratory System

Body systems maintain homeostasis

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is essential for Survival of cells

Cells
Cells make up body systems

Fig. 12-CO, p. 364

Atmosphere 1

Steps of external respiration

Ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere and air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs

Alveoli of lungs

O2 CO2 O2

CO2

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in the alveoli and the blood

Pulmonary circulation

Transport of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the tissues

Systemic circulation
CO2 O2 Food + O2 CO2 + HO2 + HTP

Internal respiration

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and the tissues

Tissue cell

Fig. 12-1, p. 366

(continue to next slide)

Nasal passages Mouth Pharynx Larynx Trachea Cartilaginous ring Right bronchus Bronchiole Alveolar sac Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole

Terminal bronchiole Fig. 12-2a, p. 367

Terminal bronchiole Branch of pulmonary artery

Smooth muscle Branch of pulmonary vein

Respiratory bronchiole

Alveolus

Pulmonary capillaries Alveolar sac

Fig. 12-2b, p. 367

Pores of Kohn

Alveolar fluid lining with pulmonary surfactant Type II alveolar cell Type I alveolar cell Interstitial fluid

Alveolar macrophage

Pulmonary capillary

Alveolus

Erythrocyte

Fig. 12-3a, p. 368

Lollipop Lung Water-filled balloon Pleural sac

Right pleural sac Thoracic wall Right lung Left lung

Left pleural sac Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity filled with intrapleural fluid Pleural cavity filled with intrapleural fluid

Diaphragm

Fig. 12-4, p. 369

Atmospheric pressure (the pressure exerted by the weight of the gas in the atmosphere on objects on the Earths surface760 mm Hg at sea level)

Atmosphere 760 mm Hg Airways

Thoracic wall

Intra-alveolar pressure (the pressure within the alveoli760 mm Hg when equilibrated with atmospheric pressure)

Plural wall

Lungs

Intrapleural pressure (the pressure within the pleural sac the pressure exerted outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity, usually less than atmospheric pressure at 756 mm Hg)

756 mm Hg

Fig. 12-5, p. 370

760 mm

Vacuum

Pressure exerted by atmospheric air above Earths surface

Mercury (Hg)

Pressure at sea level

Fig. 12-6, p. 370

Airways Lung wall Pleural cavity (greatly exaggerated) Lungs (alveoli) Thoracic wall

Transmural pressure gradient across lung wall = intra-alveolar pressure minus intrapleural pressure

Transmural pressure gradient across thoracic wall = atmospheric pressure minus intrapleural pressure
Fig. 12-7, p. 371

Numbers are mm Hg pressure.

760
Puncture wound in chest wall

760 760

760

760

756

756

Traumatic pneumothorax
(Continue to the next slide)

Numbers are mm Hg pressure.

Fig. 12-8a, p. 371

760

760

760

760

760

760

756

Collapsed lung
(Continue to the next slide)

Numbers are mm Hg pressure.

Fig. 12-8b, p. 371

760

Hole in lung

760

760

760

760

756

756

Spontaneous pneumothorax

Numbers are mm Hg pressure.

Fig. 12-8c, p. 371

Closed container with given number of gas molecules

Piston Pressure gauge

Volume = 1/2 Pressure = 2

Volume = 1 Pressure = 1

Volume = 2 Pressure = 1/2

Fig. 12-9, p. 372

Accessory muscles of inspiration Sternocleidomastoid Scalenus

Internal intercostal muscles

Sternum Ribs External intercostal muscles Diaphragm Major muscles of inspiration

Muscles of active expiration

Abdominal muscles

Fig. 12-10, p. 373

External intercostal muscles (relaxed)

Elevated rib cage Contraction of external intercostal muscles Sternum

Elevation of ribs causes sternum to move upward and outward, which increases front-to-back dimension of thoracic cavity

Diaphragm (relaxed)

Contraction of diaphragm Lowering of diaphragm on contraction increases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity

Before inspiration Contractions of external intercostal muscles causes elevation of ribs, which increases side-to-side dimension of thoracic cavity

Inspiration

Fig. 12-11a, p. 374

Relaxation of external intercostal muscles

Contraction of internal intercostal muscles

Contraction of internal intercostal muscles flattens ribs and sternum, further reducing side-to-side and front-to-back dimensions of thoracic cavity

Contraction of diaphragm Relaxation of diaphragm Position of relaxed abdominal muscles Contractions of abdominal muscles cause diaphragm to be pushed upward, further reducing vertical dimension of thoracic cavity Active expiration

Passive expiration Return of diaphragm, ribs, and sternum to resting position on relaxation of inspiratory muscles restores thoracic cavity to preinspiratory size

Fig. 12-11bc, p. 375

Equilibrated; no net movement of air

Preinspiratory size of thorax

760

756

Preinspiratory size of lungs

Before inspiration

Fig. 12-12a, p. 374

760

Size of thorax on contraction of inspiratory muscles

759

754
During inspiration

Size of lungs as they are stretched to fill the expanded thorax

Fig. 12-12b, p. 374

760

Size of thorax on relaxation of inspiratory muscles

761

756
During expiration

Size of lungs as they recoil

Fig. 12-12c, p. 374

Inspiration

Expiration

Intra-alveolar pressure Atmospheric pressure

Transmural pressure gradient across the lung wall

Intraplural pressure

Fig. 12-13, p. 375

Table 12-1, p. 378

Total lung capacity at maximum inflation

Variation in lung with normal, quiet breathing

Minimal lung volume (residual volume) at maximum deflation Volume of lungs at end of normal inspiration (average 2,200 ml)

Volume of lungs at end of normal inspiration (average 2,200 ml)

Difference between end-expiratory and end-inspiratory volume equals tidal volume (average 500 ml)

Fig. 12-14a, p. 378

TV = Tidal volume (500ml) IRV = Inspiratory reserve volume (3,000 ml) IC = Inspiratory capacity (3,500 ml) ERV = Expiratory reserve volume (1,000 ml) RV = Residual volume (1,200 ml) FRC = Functional residual capacity (2,200 ml) VC = Vital capacity (4,500 ml) TLC = Total lung capacity (5,700 ml)

Fig. 12-14b, p. 378

Floating drum Air

Recording paper advancing with time

Water Expired air

Spirogram

Inspired air

Fig. 12-15, p. 379

Obstructive lung disease

Fig. 12-17a, p. 381

Normal total lung capacity

Restrictive lung disease

Fig. 12-17b, p. 381

Fresh air from inspiration 150 Airway dead-space volume (150 ml)

Alveolar air

Old alveolar air that has exchanged O2 and CO2 with the blood Fresh atmospheric air that has not exchanged O2 and CO2 with the blood

After inspiration, before expiration

The numbers in the figure represent ml of air.
Fig. 12-18a, p. 382

150
500 ml old alveolar air expired 350 ml expired to atmosphere 150 ml remain in dead space

500 ml expired to atmosphere 150 ml fresh air from dead space (left from preceding inspiration) 350 ml old alveolar air

350

150

Old alveolar air that has exchanged O2 and CO2 with the blood Fresh atmospheric air that has not exchanged O2 and CO2 with the blood

During expiration
The numbers in the figure represent ml of air.
Fig. 12-18b, p. 382

150
500 ml fresh air enter from atmosphere 500 ml enter alveoli 150 ml old air from dead space (left from preceding expiration) 350 ml fresh air from atmosphere
Old alveolar air that has exchanged O2 and CO2 with the blood

350

350 ml fresh air reach alveoli 150 ml fresh air remain in dead space

150

During inspiration

Fresh atmospheric air that has not exchanged O2 and CO2 with the blood

The numbers in the figure represent ml of air.

Fig. 12-18c, p. 382

Table 12-2, p. 383

Composition and partial pressure in atmospheric air 79% N2 Partial pressure of N2 = 600 mm Hg Partial pressure of N2 in atmospheric air: PN2 = 760 mm Hg X 0.79 = 600 mm Hg

Total atmospheric pressure = 760 mm Hg

21% O2 Partial pressure of O2 = 160 mm Hg

Partial pressure of O2 in atmospheric air: PO2 = 760 mm Hg X 0.21 = 160 mm Hg

Fig. 12-19, p. 383

Atmospheric air

Across pulmonary capillaries: O2 partial pressure gradient from alveoli to blood = 60 mm Hg (100 > 40) O2 partial pressure gradient from blood to alveoli = 6 mm Hg (46 > 40)

Inspiration

Expiration
Net diffusion gradients for O2 and CO2 between the lungs and tissues

Alveoli

Pulmonary circulation
Across pulmonary capillaries: O2 partial pressure gradient from blood to alveoli = 6 mm Hg (46 > 40) O2 partial pressure gradient from tissue cell to blood = 6 mm Hg (46 > 40)

Systemic circulation

Tissue cell

Fig. 12-20, p. 385

Table 12-3, p. 387

Average resting PO2 at systemic capillaries

Normal PO2 at pulmonary capillaries

Fig. 12-22, p. 388

Alveoli Pulmonary capillary blood

= O2 molecule = Partially saturated hemoglobin molecules = Fully saturated hemoglobin molecules Fig. 12-23, p. 389

Arterial PCO2 and acidity, normal body temperature (as at pulmonary level)

PCO2 Acid (H+)

Temperature or 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

(as at tissue level)

Fig. 12-24, p. 391

Tissue cell

Alveolus

From systemic circulation to pulmonary circulation

Plasma

Fig. 12-25, p. 392

Table 12-4, p. 393

Pons

Pons respiratory centers Respiratory control centers in brain stem Medullary respiratory center

Pneumotaxic center Apneustic center Pre-Btzinger complex Dorsal respiratory group Ventral respiratory group Medulla Fig. 12-26, p. 396

Table 12-5, p. 397

Sensory nerve fiber Carotid sinus

Sensory nerve fiber

Carotid bodies

Carotid artery

Aortic bodies Aortic arch

Heart

Fig. 12-27, p. 397

Arterial PCO2

Relieves

Brain ECF PCO2 (when arterial PCO2 >70-80 mm Hg)

Brain ECF

Brain ECF H+ Weakly Peripheral chemoreceptors Medullary respiratory Central chemoreceptors

center

Ventilation

ca = Carbonic anhydrase

Arterial PCO2

Fig. 12-28, p. 398

Dead Space

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Respiratory Anatomy

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Respiratory Muscle

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Volume Pressure

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