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• Amoebas, molds, trees,
and people are all made
from similar cells
A Central Park
woodland Approaching
Central Park (the
red rectangle in
the middle of
this photo)
An eastern
gray squirrel
Figure 1.2.1
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Life at Its Many Levels
• Biologists explore life at levels ranging from the
biosphere to the molecules that make up cells
Cells in squirrel
DNA
Figure 1.2.2
• Ecosystem
– Consists of all the organisms living in a particular, as
well as all the non-living physical components of the
environment with which the organisms interact
Figure 1.3
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hierarchy of Life
• Community
– The entire array of organisms inhabiting an
ecosystem
• Population
– An interacting group of one species
• Organism
– An individual living thing
• Organ
– One or more groups of tissue coming together to
form a functioning unit
• Cell
– A unit of living matter separated from its
environment by a boundary called a membrane
• Organelle
– A structure that performs a specific function in a cell
• Atom
– The smallest particle of ordinary matter
– Prokaryotic
– Eukaryotic
Figure 1.5
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Genetic engineering and biotechnology have
allowed us to manipulate the DNA and genes of
organisms
Figure 1.6
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Life in Its Diverse Forms
• Diversity is the hallmark of life
of life are
– Bacteria
– Eukarya
Figure 1.8.2
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Eukarya
includes at Domain Eukarya
least four
kingdoms
– Protista
Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae
– Plantae
– Fungi
Figure 1.8.3
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
EVOLUTION: BIOLOGY’S UNIFYING THEME
• The history of
life is a saga of a
restless Earth
billions of years
old
– Fossils
document this
history
Figure 1.10
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Life evolves
– Each species is one twig of a branching tree of life
extending back in time
Giant Spectacled Sloth Sun American Asiatic Polar Brown bear
panda bear bear bear black bear black bear bear
Ancestral bear
Figure 1.11
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Darwinian View of Life
• The evolutionary
view of life came
into focus in 1859
when Charles
Darwin published
The Origin of
Species
Figure 1.12
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Darwin’s book developed two main points
– Natural selection
species of
finch
have beak
shapes Sharp-beaked
ground finch
adapted to
suit their Seed-eaters Cactus-flower Bud-eater
-eaters
Insect-eaters
ments
3 Reproduction of survivors
Figure 1.15
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Observing Natural Selection
• There are many examples of natural selection in
action
– The development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is
one
Figure 1.16
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Darwin’s publication of The Origin of Species
fueled an explosion in biological research
– Evolution is one of biology’s best demonstrated,
most comprehensive, and longest lasting theories
– Evolution is the unifying theme of biology