Genetics Part III

Mr. Rosenberg

Genes

Humans have at least 30,000 genes in their genome The genes are found at different spots on the 23 chromosomes

Genes

Cells can be diploid or haploid Diploid Cell: 2n, two of each chromosome Haploid Cell: n, one of each chromosome

Diploid Cell

So, since a Diploid Cell has two of each chromosome, it cannot be a sex cell All Diploid Cells are body cells

Haploid Cell

Has one of each chromosome All Haploid cells are sex cells, that is, theyre used for reproduction

How do we make different types of Cells?

Diploid cells are made through Mitosis Haploid cells are made through Meiosis

What are the differences between Mitosis and Meiosis?

Mitosis makes 2 cells with the same

number of chromosomes as the original

One cell division

Meiosis makes 4 cells, with half the

number of chromosomes as the original

Two cells divisions

In other words, Mitosis makes Diploid cells, and Meiosis makes Haploid cells! However, both Mitosis and Meiosis begin with Diploid cells

Mitosis begins in body cells Meiosis begins in gamete-producing cells

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis is a process of chromosome replication Meiosis is a process of chromosome reduction

Where does growth and repair come from?

Mitosis

Where does reproduction and variation come from?

Meiosis

Mitosis is used for asexual reproduction

Growth Repair Reproduction

Meiosis is used for sexual reproduction

Simple!

Variation in Meiosis

Crossing Over: when chromosomes line up during Metaphase I, they exchange genetic information Results in genes that are combinations of parents genes

Variation in Meiosis

Segregation: offspring receive one of each chromosome from each parent, not two

For example one offspring receives one of the two genes from a parent, and the other offspring receives the other

Variation in Meiosis

Independent Assortment: genes are independent of each other

There is no relation, between a cat's color and tail length.

Karyotype

A map of the 23 pairs of chromosomes Viewed under a microscope Can be used to confirm that all 23 pairs are present

Karyotype

Phenotype and Genotype

Phenotype: an observable trait

Genotype: the genetic instructions for the phenotype

BB, Bb, or bb

Gene Terms

Homozygous: Both genes (remember, our cells have a pair of each chromosome) are the same

BB bb
Bb

Heterozygous: Both genes are different

Stop

Good job!

Dominance

In order for a Dominant Gene to be expressed, only one gene must be dominant Dominant Genes are represented by an upper case letter

BB or Bb

Dominance

Homozygous Dominant: Genes from both parents are Dominant

BB Dominant Trait is expressed

Heterozygous: A Gene from one parent is Dominant, a Gene from another parent is recessive, Dominant trait is expressed
Bb Dominant Trait is expressed

A Dominant Gene: Marfan syndrome

Recessiveness

In order for a Recessive trait to be expressed, both genes must be Recessive Letters used are lower case

bb Recessive trait

Sickle Cell Anemia

Recessiveness

Homozygous Recessive: Both genes are Recessive

bb Recessive trait is expressed Bb Dominant trait is expressed

Heterozygous

Examples: cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia, thalassemia

A Recessive Trait: Thalassemia

Sexual Inheritance

The 23rd chromosome is the sexdetermining chromosome

Sex Chromosome

Chromosome 1-22 are the other chromosomes

Autosome

Key Terms

Locus: the part of the chromosome that holds a gene

Key Terms

Monohybrid Cross: using a Punnett square to determine one trait in offspring Dihybrid Cross: using a Punnett square to determine two traits in offspring

Referring to Generations

P Generation: Parents F1 Generation: 1st Filial (children) F2 Generation: 2nd Filial (children)

Sexual Inheritance

If one of the 23rd Chromosomes are Y, a child is a male If both of the 23rd Chromosomes are X, a child is a female Some genes are found on the Sex Chromosome

Sex-linked traits

23rd Sex Chromosome

Females may only produce: X Males may produce either an X or Y

Sex: Male or Female

50% Male 50% Female Simple!

Incomplete Dominance

Neither gene is dominant, both genes are expressed equally Phenotype is blended
Example: Red flowers bred with White flowers result in pink flowers

Incomplete Dominance

Snap dragons
red = RR white= WW pink = RW

Codominance

Neither gene is dominant, but both are observed in the phenotype The two parent phenoytypes are both present

Codominance Example

Red flowers bred with white flowers

Red-spotted and White-spotted flowers