Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Topics
Data vs. Signals, Analog vs. Digital Types & Attributes of Analog Signals
Wavelength, Amplitude, Frequency, & Phase Composite Signals, Bandwidth
Signal impairment
Attenuation, Distortion, Noise
Performance
Bandwidth vs. Throughput, Latency (Delay)
To be transmitted, data must be transformed to signals Data and signals can be analog or digital
data
In data communications, we commonly use periodic analog signals and nonperiodic digital signals.
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Fundamentals of Signals
Fundamentals of Signals
(cont.)
Amplitude
Height of the wave above or below a given
reference point
Fundamentals of Signals
(cont.)
Frequency
Number of times a signal makes complete cycle within a
given time frame Spectrum - Range of frequencies that a signal spans from minimum
to maximum
Fundamentals of Signals
(cont.)
Fundamentals of Signals
(cont.)
Phase
Position in the waveform relative to a given
Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency, but different phases
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Fundamentals of Signals
(cont.)
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Two signals with the same amplitude and unchanging phase, but different frequencies
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where T = period
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Composite Signals
A single-frequency sine wave is not useful in data
communications; we need to send a composite signal, a signal made of many simple sine waves Any composite signal is a combination of simple sine waves with different frequencies, amplitudes, and phases If the composite signal is periodic, the decomposition gives a series of signals with discrete frequencies; if the composite signal is nonperiodic, the decomposition gives a combination of sine waves with continuous frequencies.
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The bandwidth of a composite signal is the difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies contained in that signal.
Frequency-domain plots
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Two digital signals: one with two signal levels and the other with four signal levels
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Low-Pass Channel vs. Band-Pass Channel - Baseband transmission vs. Broadband transmission? * Low-pass channel: A channel that passes frequencies between 0 and f. * Band-pass channel: a channel that can pass a range of frequencies * Determined not only by the medium but also the way the transmitter & receiver use the medium.
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Note: In baseband transmissions, the signal uses the state of silence (e.g. absence of electric charge or light with zero frequency) as a baseline. If another signal needs the same baseline for its signal state, they cannot share the same low-pass channel. Digital signals usually use the 0v 0Hz state as a signal state. e.g., 10Base2, 10Base-T, 100Base-TX, 1000Base-T4 Some analog signals also use the 0v 0Hz state. e.g., Old telephone ring signal
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If the available channel is a band-pass channel, we cannot send the digital signal directly to the channel; we need to convert the digital signal to an analog signal before transmission. Note: Many transmission media are low-pass channels, but if a medium has a high bandwidth, we prefer to use it as a band-pass channel (w Modulation + MUX).
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Attenuation
Signals weaken over long distances In order to move the signal further, we amplify it However, often as signals weaken, they also
lose some of their correct form Unfortunately, amplifiers not only boost the signal, but also its imperfections
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Attenuation
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Distortion
Signal changes in shape or form Occurs in composite signals made up of different
frequencies Each signal component moves at its own speed; is delayed arriving at the other end When some components arrive before others, it results in distortion
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Distortion
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Noise
Many sources; degrades the signal Thermal noise Crosstalk Induced noise Impulse noise
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Noise
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Latency (Delay)
Latency = Propagation time + Transmission time + Queuing time + Processing delay
Propagation time = Distance / Propagation speed Transmission Time = Message size/Bandwidth (bit rate)
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