INTRODUCTION

Magnetic levitation, maglev, or magnetic suspension is a

method by which an object is suspended above another object
with no support other than magnetic field.The electromagnetic
force is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational force.

A substance which is diamagnetic repels a

magnetic field. Earnshaw’s theorem does
not apply to diamagnets; they behave in
the opposite manner of a typical magnet
due to their relative permeability of μr <
1.Any material in which the diamagnetic
component is strongest will be repelled by
a magnet. pieces of pyrolitic graphaite or
bismuth above a moderately strong
permanent magnet. As water is
predominantly diamagnetic, this technique A live frog levitates inside a
has been used to levitate water droplets 32 mm diameter vertical bore
and even live animals, such as a in a magnetic field of about
grasshopper and a frog; however, the 16 teslas at the Nijmegen
magnetic fields required for this are very High Field Magnet Laboratory.
high, typically in the range of 16 teslas.
How can you magnetically levitate
objects?
MAGLEV Methods
2. Repulsion between like poles of permanent
magnets or electromagnets.
3. Repulsion between a magnet and a metallic
conductor induced by relative motion.
4. Repulsion between a metallic conductor and an
AC electromagnet.
4. Repulsion between a magnetic field and a
diamagnetic substance. 
5. Repulsion between a magnet and a
superconductor.
6. Attraction between unlike poles of permanent
magnets or electromagnets.
7. Attraction between the open core of an
electromagnetic solenoid and a piece of iron or
a magnet.
8. Attraction between a permanent magnet or
electromagnet and a piece of iron. 
9. Attraction between an electromagnet and a piece
of iron or a magnet, with sensors and active
control of the current to the electromagnet used
to maintain some distance between them.
10.Repulsion between an electromagnet and a
magnet, with sensors and active control of the
current to the electromagnet used to maintain
some distance between them.
 
BULLET TRAINS

TRANSPORTATION BY AEROPLANE IN 20th CENTURY

SPEED OF BOING 777 IS ABOUT 905kph

SPEED OF MAGLEV VEHICLE IS ABOUT 500kph

SPEED OF CONVENTIONAL TRAIN IS ABOUT 200kph

CONNECTED CITY UPTO 1000KM

PARIS TO ROME IN TWO HOURS.

LONDON TO NEW YORK IN 54 MINUTES.

 MAGLEV VEHICLE CONSTRUCTION

• BASICALLY THE CONSTRUCTION DEPENDS ON 3 DIFFERENT

FORCES

• PROPULSION FORCE

• LEVITATING FORCE

• LATERAL GUIDING FORCE

 PROPULSION FORCE

• This is a horizontal force

which causes the
movement of train.
It requires 3 parameters.

• Large electric power

supply
• Metal coil lining, a guide
way or track.
• Large magnet attached
under the vehicle.
 PRINCPLE OF LINEAR MOTOR

PROPULSION
FORCE

• It’s principle is similar

to induction motor
having linear stator and
flat rotor.

• The 3-phase supply

applied to the stator
produces a constant
speed magnetic wave,
which further produces
a repulsive force.
Maglev vehicles are propelled primarily by
one of the following three options:

1. A linear synchronous motor (LSM) in which coils in the

guideway are excited by a three phase winding to produce a
traveling wave at the speed desired; Trans Rapid in
Germany employs such a system.

2. A Linear Induction Motor (LIM) in which an electromagnet

underneath the vehicle induces current in an aluminum
sheet on the guideway.

3. A reluctance motor is employed in which active coils on

the vehicle are pulsed at the proper time to realize thrust.
APPLICTION OF LINEAR MOTOR IN
MAGLEV
HOW THE VEHICLE LEVITATES
The levitating force is
the upward thrust which
lifts the vehicle in the
air.

There are 3 types of

levitating systems

1. EDS system

2. EMS system

3. INDUCTRACK system
LEVITATING FORCE

• Levitating force is
produced due to the eddy
current in the conducting
ladder by the
electromagnetic
interaction.

• At low speed the force due

to induced poles cancel
each other.

• At high speed a repulsive

force is taken place as the
magnet is shifted over a
particular pole.
 1.EDS SYSTEM
In EDS both the rail and the train
exert a magnetic field, and the
train is levitated by the repulsive
force between these magnetic
fields.
At slow speeds, the current induced
in these coils and the resultant
magnetic flux is not large enough
to support the weight of the train.
For this reason the train must have
wheels or some other form of
landing gear to support the train
until itmagnets
Onboard reachesanda speed that can
large margin between rail and train enable highest
sustain
recorded levitation.
train speeds (581 km/h).
km/h)
This system is inherently stable
Magnetic shielding for suppression of strong magnetic fields and wheels
for travel at low speed are required.
It can’t produce the propulsion force. So, LIM system is required.
2.EMS SYSTEM

Maglev concepts using electro

-magnetic suspension employ
attractive forces.
Magnetic fields inside and
outside the vehicle are
insignificant; proven,
commercially available
technology that can attain very
high speeds (500 km/h); no
wheels or secondary propulsion
system needed.
The separation between the
vehicle and the guideway must
be constantly monitored and
corrected by computer systems
to avoid collision due to the
unstable nature of
electromagnetic attraction.
 3.INDUCTRACK SYSTEM

The Inductrack guideway would

contain two rows of tightly packed
levitation coils, which would act as
the rails . Each of these
“rails”would be lined by two
Halbach arrays carried underneath
the maglev vehicle:one positioned
directly above the “rail”and one
along the inner side of the “rail”.
The Halbach arrays above the
coils
would provide levitation while the
Halbach arrays on the sides would
provide lateral guidance that
keeps the train in a fixed position
on the track.
LATERAL GUIDING FORCE

• Guidance or steering refers to

the sideward forces that are
required to make the vehicle
follow the guideway. The
necessary forces are supplied
in an exactly analogous
fashion to the suspension
forces, either attractive or
repulsive. The same magnets
on board the vehicle, which
supply lift, can be used
concurrently for guidance or
separate guidance magnets
can be used.

It requires the following

arrangements:
• Guideway levitating coil
• Moving magnet
CONSTRUCTONAL FEATURE
WORKING OF MAGLEV
BRAKING AND CONTROL SYSTEM

GENERALY TWO TYPES OF

BREAKING ARE USED
AERODYNOMIC BREAKING
ELECTOMAGNETIC BREAKING

Varying Maglev Speed

The Maglev’s speed can vary Aerodynamic brakes
from standstill to full operating
speed by simply adjusting the
frequency of the alternating
current. To bring the train to a
full stop, the direction of the
travelling field is reversed. Even
during braking, there isn't any
mechanical contact between the
stator and the rotor.
TEST VEHICLES

•
ML-500,

MLX01

MLU002N MLX01

MLU001 ML100
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• RESEARCH AND DEVLOPMENT FIRST BIGAN IN GERMANY
AND JAPAN IN 1970.
• AFTER LABORTARY TEST THE FIRST TEST LINE WAS
STARTED IN1970 IN JAPAN AND1980 IN GERMANY.
• FIRST TEST LINE WAS COMPLETED IN MAYAZAKI OF JAPAN
IN 1977.
• THE RUN OF ML500 WAS SUCCESSFULLY ENDED ON
MAYAZAKI TEST LINE ATTAINING 517kmph
• SECOND TEST LINE WAS COMPLETED IN JAPAN IN 1990
NAMED YAMANASHI TEST LINE.
• THE LONGEST NONSTOPTEST HAS BEEN COMPLETED OF
1674KM IN 1993 IN 450 kmph.
• IN GERMANY GOVERNMENT CERTIFIED THE FIRST MAG LEV
FOR PUBLIC.
• IN 1969 USA SCIENTISTS STARTED THE RESCEACH OF
MAGLEV BUT DUE TO LACK OF GOVERNMENT INTREAST IT
WAS STOPPED.
 Advantages of Maglev
• 1. Quicker and efficient transport
• 2. No noise
• 3. Comfortable, smooth ride due to very little
friction
• 4. Safe and cost-effective
• S. Less consumption of natural resources
• 6. Environment-friendly as no gas is emitted

Disadvantage
• High expensive
• Complex control system
• No overlap or junction can done
comparision
JAPAN MAGLEV
• ELECTRODYNAMIC TYPE
• IT WORKS ON REPULSION
FORCE PRINCPLE
• LEVITATING COIL BY SUPER
CONDUCTOR
• LEVITATION UPTO 10CM
• MORE SAFER THAN
GERMANY VEHICLE
GERMANY MAGLEV
• ELECTROMAGNETIC TYPE
• IT WORKS ON ATTRACTION
PRINCPLE
• LEVITATING COIL BY
ELECTROMAGNET
• LEVITATION UPTO 1CM
• 100 TIMES SAFER THAN
CONVENTIONAL VEHICLE
ECONOMICS
• HIGH INITIAL INVESTMENT ABOUT US
$6/person/day EXCEPTING MAINTENANCE,
SALARY & ELECTRIC CHARGE

PROPOSAL
• SHANGHAI TO HANGZHOU
• LONDON TO GLASGOW
• SHANGHAI AIRPORT LINE
• CALIFORNIA TO LAS VEGAS

RESEARCH
• SPEED UPTO 6000 KMPH TO 8000KMPH IN
VACUUM TUNNEL