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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
What is a Substation?
Figure 1.
2. To allow an element to be disconnected from the rest of the utility syst. for maintenance or repair.
3. To change or transform voltage levels from one part of the utility system to another. 4. To control power flow in the utility system by switching elements into or out of the utility system.
5. To provide sources of reactive power for power factor correction or voltage control.
6. To provide data concerning system parameters (voltage, current and power flow) for use in operating 4 the utility system).
KIND OF AC SUBSTATIONS
1. Generating station S/S, transform generation voltage (15 - 23 kV) up to Trans.Network (69 -500 kV). 2. Transmission Switching S/S, interconnect portions of the utility syst. Transmission network. 3. Transmission step down (or step up, depending on your point of view) S/S, interconnect portion of the utility syst. Transmission network, and include transformation between trans. Network voltage levels. 4. Distribution step-down S/S, include transformation between Trans. Network and Dist. Network voltage levels, and interconnect portions of the utility syst. Dist. Nework. 5. Distribution S/S, interconnect portions of the utility Sys. Dist. network (transformation between Dist. Voltage Level 5
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION
PARTS OF SUBSTATION
1. Site related system 2. Switchyard system
5. Auxiliary system
PARTS OF SUBSTATION
A). Site Related Systems (security, site access, Site grading, Drainage, and Surfacing syst.). B). Switchyard Systems (Switching equipment systems, Power transformation eq., Bus, Measuring and Relaying Commu. Eq., Direct stroke and Surge protection, Grounding, Switchyard support structure, Race way ).
C). Control Building System (Building: Architectural, Structural, Grounding, Raceway, lighting and comunication) D). Protection, Control, and Metering Systems (Protective Relay, control, metering, Indication and Annunciation syst.
E). Auxiliary Systems (AC station service, Fire Protection.
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Site grading, drainage, and surfacing system. To provides a reasonably level switchyard for access to equipment, a drivable surface within switchyard, and a layer of constant resistivity crushed rock above grid for personal safety. Site Landscaping system, The site landscaping system beautifies the site and complements the substation fence/wall to screen the substation from public
view.
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SWITCHYARD SYSTEM
Switching equipment system, This equipment to connects and disconnects elements of the substation or utility system from
the rest of the s/s or utility system. (Eq. CB, DS, Circuit
Reclocer). Power Transformation Eq. System, To Transfers power
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to provides low voltage or low current inputs to the protective relaying and metering eq. (Eq. PTs, CCVTs, CTs, BCTs, Line trap, etc).
Reactive power compensation Eq.,
switchyard eq. and bus at the elevations needed for adequate electrical clearance from grade to the bus or eq.live parts. Grounding system, to protects personnel within s/s from encountering large potential difference during voltage, provides a low impedance path to true earth for proper protective relaying operation and dissipates into the earth large current flows from lightning strikes or faults. Raceway system, contain supports, and protects from physical
Auxiliary system.
AC station service system, to supplies electric power for
normal operation of eq. auxiliaries, space conditioning, and ligthning within the s/s. (Eq. Power trans. Cooling pumps and fans, power transf. load tap, CB operating mechanism compresor motor, etc) DC Station service system, supplies reliable electric power for operation of the protection and control system for emergency. Fire Protection system, to detect and alarms fires within the control building or in the area of major switchyard eq. or provides a means of extinguishing fires.
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Types of substations a)Classification based on voltage levels: AC substation: EHV, HV, MV, LV; HVDC substation Table 1. Classfication based on voltage
Designation LV or LT HV or HT MHV HV EHV UHV HVDC Descriptions Range Low voltage or low Below 1000V AC tension High voltage or high All AC voltages above tension 1kV Medium voltage High voltage Extra high voltage Ultra high voltage high Between 1kV and 33kV Between 110kV 33kV and
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and GIS.
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Conventional air insulated substation (AIS): In such substations busbar and connectors can be seen by naked eye. In such a substation, circuit breakers, isolators, transformers, CTs, VTs, etc are installed outdoor. SF6 Gas insulated substation (GIS): There are compact and require modest maintenance. In GIS the various substation equipment like CTs, VTs, busbar,circuit breakers, surge arresters, isolators, earthing switches, etc are in the form of metal enclosed SF6 gas filled modules.
Switching substation
Sending end substation Receiving substation
Factory substation
Compensating substation Load substation
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Substation Categories, Type and Design (According to TNB standards) Transmission Main Intakes (Pencawang Masuk Utama PMU) Transmission Main Intake is the interconnection
132/33kV, 2 x 90MVA
132/22kV, 2 x 90MVA 132/11kV, 2 x 30MVA
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Main Distribution Substation (Pencawang Pembahagian Utama PPU) Main Distribution Substation is normally applicable to 33kV for interconnecting 33kV with 11kV network through a standardized transformation of 33/11kV, 2 x 30MVA. Main Switching Station (Stesyen Suis Utama SSU) Main Switching Substation at 33kV, 22kV and 11kV are established to serve the following function: 1. To supply a dedicated bulk customer (33, 22, 1kV) 2. To provide bulk capacity injection or transfer from a PMU/PP to a load center for further localized distribution.
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Distribution Substation (Pencawang Elektrik) Distribution substations have voltages are points
NO
Is Reinforcement Required?
Is substation Required?
END
General Design
Specific Design
Civil Works
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PROJECT PLANNING
The major steps in executing project include the following
Award of contract Preparation of quality of plan Design of civil work, layout and Design of equipment Opening of site office and preparation of site Civil works: excavation, foundation, support structures, finishing Receipt of equipment, structure at site, storing Laying control cable and power cables Laying of ground grid, ground spikes and ground riser Installation of overhead shielding wire, steel structures, equipment Transportation of power transformers Installation on plinth, drying out and pre-commisisoning Quality check of equipment, connection of control cables Final commisionning and observation Handing over to the customers operating staff
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Maintainability
Operational flexibility Protection arrangements
Security of supply Loss of plant arising from a fault conditions or outages due to the maintenance. Extendibility The design should allow for future extendibility. Adding Bays of switchgear to a substation is normally possible
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Operational flexibility The physical layout of individual circuits and groups of circuits must permit the required power flow control. In a two transformer substation operation of either or both transformers on one in-feed together with the facility to take out of service and restore to service either transformer without loss of supply would be a normal design consideration. Protection arrangements The design must allow for the protection of each system element by provision of suitable CT locations to ensure overlapping of protection zones. The number of circuit breakers that require to be tripped following the fault
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Short circuits limitation In order to keep fault levels down parallel connections (transformers or power sources feeding the substation) should be avoided. Multi bus-bar arrangements with sectioning facilities allow the system to be split or connected through a fault limiting reactor. Land area The cost of purchasing a plot of land in a densely populated area in considerable. Therefore there is a trend towards compact substation design. Cost A satisfactory cost comparison between different Substation layout designs is extremely difficult because of the differences in performance and maintainability 31