Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ananda N.
PAK. 4022
Sequence of presentation
Introduction Potentials of biofuel trees Jatropha curcas Pongamia pinnata Simarouba glauca Azadirachta indica Madhuca indica Rehabilitation of waste lands through biofuel trees in Karnataka Extent of waste land available in Karnataka Impact on soil health Impact on energy security Impact on rural employment Economic implications Impact on environment Success stories Conclusion Future line of work
5.6 billion barrels 8.50 billion cubic meters 84.4 billion tonnes
Gas reserves
22.6 billion 50.9 billion cubic meters cubic meters --387 million tonnes
Coal reserves
Table 2. Growth of automoible vehicles in the country (in 1000s no.) Category 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 1996
1. Two wheelers 27 98 576 2618 14200 28342
159
34 82 4 306
310
57 168 42 665
682
94 343 170 1865
1160
162 554 897 5931
2954
331 1356 2533 21374
5056
535 2529 4477 40989
Malingam (2001)
Table 3. Production and import of crude oil (million tonnes) Year Production Import Total Import Cost in (%) rupees (Crores) 06.80 11.7 18.5 63 107
1971
1981
1991 2001
10.50
33.00 32.00
16.2
20.7 57.9
26.7
53.7 89.9
61
39 64
3,349
6,118 30,695
2002
32.00
73.5
105
70
90,000
Singh (2005)
Demand target Domestic production of crude oil & natural gas Gap
2011-12
81
2020-21
91.6
Venkatachalam (2005)
What is Bio-Diesel?
The use of vegetable oils (bio-diesel) for engine may seem insignificant today. But such oils may become in course of time as important as petroleum and coal, tar products of the present time
Rudolf Diesel (1912)
Bio-Diesel is methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acid made from virgin or used vegetables oils (both edible and nonedible) and animal fats through trans- esterfication process.
Why biofuels?
Biofuels are renewable supplement hydrocarbon fuels & assit in their conservation Reduce green house gases as well as mitigate their adverse effects on the climate resulting from global warming. Help in increasing employment Lead to significant improvement of economy, particularly in rural areas. Enhances energy security owing to reduce dependence on oil import Save foreign exchange. Reduce the vehicular pollution
Jatropha curcas
Madhuca indica
Azadirachta indica
Botanical name
Azadirachta indica Pongamia pinnata Jatropha curcas Simaroba glauca Madhuca indica
Jatropha
Common name : Turaka haralu/ Bettada haralu/ Kadu howdala
Ecological requirement
Jatropha is a very hardy and resistant to dry weather condition It has an ability to grow on any type of soil (Gravelly, sandy and saline soils) with minimum care and agronomical management Rainfall :300mm so it can successfully fit to grow in wastelands. Propagation: Seeds or stem cuttings On rainfed wastelands. High density planting : Spacing Plants/ha 2mX2m = 2,500 2mX1m = 5,000 1.5mX1.5m = 4,444
Table 8. Expected seed yield from jatropha plantation under rainfed condition Years Expected yield (kg/ha/year) 3 500 4 5 6 7&Onwards 750 1,000 2,000 3,000 Solanki, (2005)
Expelling of seeds
Oil 25% for pongamia and other oil seeds, 15% for neem,50% mahua
Cake 70% for pongamia and other oil seeds, 82%for neem,45% mahua Solvent extraction
11-12% of oil
Waste 5% for pongamia and other oilseeds, 3%for neem,5% mahua Deoiled cake
Transesterification of oil
Bio-Diesel
Glycerin
Crude Soap
Tannins Dyes
Erosion control
As a hedge Shelter plant for other crops Rodent repellant Sap: Medicinal uses
SEEDS
SHELL
HULL
Crude oil
KERNELS
Crude Oil Biodiesel - Lubricant Illumination - Phorbolesters: Edible oil Bio pesticides Soap production (Kill vector snails Other cosmetics of Schistosomiasis) Rodenticde Medicinal uses
Glycerin Pharmaceutical Food processing Explosives Paint industry Lubricant Defrosting Runways/ Roadways
Advantages of Jatropha
On an average seed contains 35-40 percent of oil Jatropha oil is an environmentally safe, cost effective and renewable source of non conventional energy. Promoting substitute to hydrel power diesel, kerosin, petroleum gas, coal and fire wood etc. After separation of oil by product obtained is Glycerin (Glycerol) a product to sell to refiners for several uses. As an animal feed it is not suitable Used in live fencing Used as protective hedge for garden & field. Husk and hulls can be used as compost and as a fuel Oil can be used as lubricant for low revolution engine. Well refined jatropha oil is a good basic material for cosmetics also. Jatropha oil has a very high saponification value (188-198). So extensively used for making soap . Oil cake is used as raw material for manufacture and synthetic fibres. Jatropha latex contains an alkaloid Jatrophine which is believed to be having anti-cancerous properties. The leaf juice is used as external application for the piles The roots are reported to be used as antidote for snake bite Bark is used as raw material for dye preparation
Jatropha
0.9186
24/1100C 0.64 51.0
Distillation point
Kinetic, Viscosity Sulphur Colorific value
2950C
50.73cs 0.13 % 9,470 k cal/kg
3500C
2.75cs. UP 1.2% less 10.170 k cal/kg
Pour point
Colour
8.0C
4.0*
100C less**
4 less**
Patil (2003)
Goyal(2005)
Pongamia pinnata
Common.name:Honge Scientific.name: Pongamia pinnata Family:Fabaceae Origin:Western ghats
It is a medium sized tree and naturally grown on river banks distributed and regenerated naturally along water courses, sea coast and interior dry places up to 1000meter elevation in India. Drought resistant,Nitrogen fixing tree. Tolerant to salt and to some extent tolerant to slight frost.
Propagation :seeds or stem cuttings Pit size : 45cm X 45cm X 45cm Spacing: for avenue planting:8 m between the plants for block planting : 2m X 2m = 2300 plants/ha 5m X 5m =400 plants/ha Pongamia starts bearing seeds on 5th year onwards.
Uses :
Extracts of leaf & seed of pongamia are used to control pest Oil cake is used as an organic manure (Contains 4.2% N, 0.9% P2O5, 2.0% K2O) Also used to control nematode,fungi,bacteria Oil is used as bio-diesel to run generator,for operating pump sets tractor,power tiller,bus & even in train. Oil extracted from seed is used to treat scabies,herpes and rheumatism Seeds contain 24-27 % oil Used for tanning leather,soap and as an illuminating oil. Bark of pongamia yields a black gum used to treat wounds caused by poisonous fish Leaves are good source of green manure which adds more nutrient,organic carbon and micronutrients. Pongamia leaves applied to nursery beds of tomato are know to reduce nematode infestations. Dried pongamia leaves are used in stored grains to repel insects. Wood is used as fuel and in the manufacture of furnitures
Table 11. Comparison of pongamia oil for flash point and Calorific value with others Oil Flash point Calorific value
Diesel
Jatropha oil Pongamia oil Simarounba oil
500C to 800C
110C 2050C 2830C
10,170 kcal/kg
9,470 kcal/kg 8,134 kcal/kg -
Table 12. Comparative advantages and disadvantages between Pongamia and Jatropha
Pongamia Sl.No .
1 2 Tree with dense canopy* Age: more than 100 years* Small Tree 30-40 years
Jatropha
3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Only as fuel
Water logging is not with standing 2-3 years 35 % May to August As and when they mature Easy to extract* 1250 kg/ha (2,500 plants X 0.5 kg/tree Rs. 5-6/kg
12
13 14 15 16
9470 K cal/kg*
1100C 1.9 to 6.00 mm2/sec* Contains cursin Nutrient Composition N-3.8% P- 1.75%, K- 1.44%
* Better trait
Simarouba
Common name: Simaruba, Paradise tree Scientific name; Simarouba glauca Family: Simaroubaceae Origin: El Salvador It is a medium sized evergreen tree grows to an height of 7-15 m. An ability to establish well even in marginal waste lands with degraded soils. An versatile oil seed tree with a productivity potential as high as 2000 kg oil/ha/year. The productivity period is up to 60 years
Uses
Seeds are economically important as they contain 60-75% edible oil. Oil is used in the manufacture of vegetable fat. Oil is well suited for the manufacture of quality soaps, lubricants, paints,polishes, pharmaceuticals etc. It is highly valuable organic manure Pulp used for beverage manufacture/fermentation industry Leaf litter (about 20 kg/tree/yr.) makes a good manure improving the fertility status of soil The leaf and bark contain Simaroubin-a chemical useful in curing amoebiasis, diarrhoea and malaria Wood is light and useful in making light furniture, toys, packing material, pulp and matches
OIL
NUTLETS
SEEDS
SHELLS
OIL CAKE
NIEVE
17
Neem
Common name: Bevu Scientific name: Azadirachta indica Family: Meliaceae Tree is cultivated in drier parts. Tree grows in almost all kinds of soils but does well in black cotton soil Thrives better than most other trees on dry stony, shallow soils Charaka (600 BC), the father of medicine regarded the neem flower, fruits, leaves, bark and roots as Panchamrit It is also called as Indian lilac
Uses
Annual seed yield of a mature tree ranges between 50-100 kg depending on the soil, rainfall and variety Seeds contain 25-38% oil can be used as biofuel either directly or in proportionate blends with diesel Oil cake contains 5.22% N, 1.08%P and 1.48%K. The wood used for furniture's, carts, yoker boards and panels cabinets bottoms of drawers, packaging cases, ornamental ceilings, ship and boat buildings helms, oil miles, cigar boxes, carved images, toys, drums and agricultural implements . The exracts from seeds and leaves are used as insect repellents and to control nematodes-Great relevance in organic farming and IPM
Mahua
Common name: Hippe, Butter tree Scientific name: Madhuca indica Family: Sapotaceae Mahua is a deciduous tree found in South India in mixed deciduous forest It is often growing on rocky and sandy soil and thrving well in Central and Southern India Uses Seeds contain 30-35% of oil can be used as a substitute for diesel fuel in engine Oil is mainly used in the manufacture of soaps, particularly laundry soaps Refined oil finds use in the manufacture of lubricating grease and fatty alcohols Oil is also used for candles, and as a raw materials for the production of stearic acid Cake is used as manure and also as a cattle feed Flowers are used for building purposes as beams, doors and window frames and especially posts It is used for carriages, furniture, sports goods, musical instruments, ship building, wheel construction Oil has emollient properties and is used in skin diseases rheumatism and headache It is used in coughs, colds and bronchitis Flowers show anti-bacterial activity against E. coli
Rainfall (mm) 0 100 250 500 Oilseeds & Pulses Animal based farming systems 750 100 Diversified land uses (Sequence cropping/high value perennials) 125 0
Cereal/legume intercrop
Silvo-pastoral
(includes tree and bushes yielding fodder, fuel, dyes, oils, molecules, insecticides)
Horti-pastoral
Rainfall (mm)
FIG 1: POSSIBLE ALTERNATE LAND USES AS INFLUENCED BY RESOURCE LCC AND MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL CAPABILITY
Cultivable land
Lands which in spite of having the potential for supporting vegetation are not being properly utilize due to different constraints
Indian scenario
Total geographical area: 328 million hectare Different categories of waste lands
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Gullied and/or Ravinous land Upland with or without scrub Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-coastal/inland Water logged and Marshy land Under utilized degraded notified forest land Shifting cultivation area Degraded land under plantation crops Degraded pasture/grazing lands Mining industrial waste lands Sands-desertic coastal Steep slopping area Barren rocky/stony waste/sheet rocky area Snow covered and/or glacial area Anon., (2004)
Table 14. Potential waste land area identified for Jatropha plantation in India
S.N. States
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Andhra pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar/Jharkand Goa Gujarat Haryana Karnataka Kerala Madya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajastan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
Grand total
40036849
Table 15. Proposed statewise land distribution (in hectares) for Jatropha curcas plantation.
Sl. No. States Sub phase I Sub phase II Sub phase III
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Bihar Chhattishgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharasthtra Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Total Grand Total
2004-05 10000
2005-06
2006-07 10000
10000 10000
10000
10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 15000 5000 10000 20000 15000 15000 10000 5000 5000 5000 15000 5000 20000 80000 120000 200000 400000
(Anon,2004)
(Anon,2005)
Karnataka should mount a mission mode programme, absorb the best of the technologies available in the country and start commercial production immediately
Production of 35 lakh tonnes of biofuel/year.(Energy security) The appropriate revenue will be Rs. 875 crores /year (Economical growth) Provide employment for 14 lakhs people
Seasonal employment of 300 man days/yr./ha to cover the plantation to biofuel production (Employment generation)
Reduction in foreign exchange out flow paid for importing crude oil Reduction in environmental pollution as biofuel is carbon neutral The oil can also be used for soap and in candle industries Deoiled cake is a raw material for composting The plantation is also good for honey production
Madhuca indica
3.5
1.52
1.50
Soil enrichment
Tender branches and leaves of Jatropha are used as manure for coconut
trees Jatropha leaves provide adequate quantity of organic matter and increase the microbial activity including earthworms, which is a indication of ecological improvement of the site Each well grown Simarouba tree enriches the soil by adding 15-20 kg leaf litter (6-8 tonnes/ha) and 15-20 kg fruit pulp (6-8 tonnes/ha) every year and supports the microbial life Pongamia leaves as well as young twigs are used as a source of green leaf manure Erosion control
Jatropha A drought tolerant crop, spreads its lateral roots near the
surface_Acts as an anti-erosion measure. Simarouba- With its well developed root system and evergreen canopy -it efficiently checks the soil erosion and improves ground water position
Estimation
Even if we bring about 100 million hectare of waste lands under Jatropha plantations during the next decades (I.e. 8th and 9th plan) possible to produce 100 million tonnes of oil to meet all our requirement of fuels and energy required for domestic, agricultural and industrial purpose
Patil (2003)
Decorticating
Crushing Oil making Filtering Sale of oil/cakes
Sarojinidevi(2005)
Sarojinidevi(2005)
Economic implication
Particulars Of works
6
7 8
250
3950 750
250
3950 750
Cont.
9 10 Cost of fertilizer @ 50 gram per plant Cost of Plants (including transportation cost) Planting and gap filling @ 100 plants per man day 1125 7500 1125 1500 2250 9000
11
12 13 15 16 17
1250
1600 500 19,675 984 20,659
250
1600 500 4,975 249 5,224
1500
3200 1000 24,650 1,233 25,883
Anon.,( 2003)
6th
7th 8th year onwards
2000
2000 2000
2.0
2.0 2.5
4000
4000 5000
5.0
5.0 5.0
20000
20000 25000
Anon., (2003)
Cost in Rs.
500 600 250
250 650 2375 1500 250 100 6225 311 6536 150 1675 300 50 100 2275 114 2389 100 1275 64 1339 100 1275 64 1339 1175 1175
Anon., (2003)
11653
5 5 5 5 5
Anon., (2003)
Implication
1.Saving on account of using the fossil fuel for urea production. 2.Avoiding the pollution due to use chemical fertilizers.
of
Reclamation of wastelands
1.Soil and moisture conservation and avoiding the land degradation. 2.Environmental amelioration.
Carbon sequestration
1.Increased availability of biomass specially from lopping, therefore reduced pressure on the natural forests.
(Anon, 2005)
Reclamation of wastelands
Hybrid fuel
1.Reduced import dependency to that extent saving on foreign exchange. 2.No additional infrastructure and technical requirement for distribution and utilization of the fuel.
Anon., (2005)
Impact on environment
Benefits of biofuel diesel use as compared to petrodiesel
Completely eliminates lifecycle of carbon dioxide emission Reduction in the emission of particulate matter by 4065% Reduction in unburned hydrocarbons by 68% 44-50% reduction in carbon monoxide Reduction in sulphates by 100% Reduction in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by 80% Reduction of green house gases at least 3.3 kg Co2 equivalent (Active Sink)
Success stories
Table 24. Jatropha plantation raised by different Department/organization in Karnataka
Name of the districts
Chamarajnagar Gulbarga Alanda (T) Tumkur Tiptur (T) M.H Marigowda Horticulural farm Doddasagara Koratagere(T) Tumkur(D) Rangaswamy gudda horticultural farm Kunigal(T) Tumkur(D) Chitradurga
Area
6 ha 50 ha 22 ha 2 ha 1 ha
Department/Organization
Karnataka Forest department (Bara parihara scheme 2005) Karnataka Forest department (2004) Karnataka state state waste land use board scheme (2004-05) BAIF (NGO) State department of Horticulture (Innovative project on introduction of pongamia,Jatropha & simarouba) State department of Horticulture (Innovative project on introduction of pongamia,Jatropha & simarouba) Karnataka Forest department (National food for work programme,NFFWP, 2005-06)
1 ha
62 ha
Table 25. Hypothetical example Chitradurga (D)=25403ha of waste land,planting of 20% of this area by bio fuel plantation(Jatropha) 5080.6 ha
Years Expected seed yield (kg/ha/year) 500 750 1000 2000 3000 3000 3000 3000 Expected seed yield for 5080.6ha (kg/ha/year) 2540300 3810450 5080600 1016121200 15241800 15241800 15241800 1524800 Total returns (Rs/year) 12701500 190522500 25403000 5086000 76209000 76209000 76209000 76209000
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cost of cultivation up to second year ( Rs.21500/ha/year) = 109232900 Maintainace charge from 3rd year onwards Rs 2000/ha/year(pruning and other activities for 8 years)= 16,000 Total cost of cultivation = Rs 109248900/Net returns on 10th year Rs 475020100/-
Energy insecurity Environmental problems Increase in import bill Potential Bio-fuel trees
Exploitation by growing bio-fuel trees
Energy security Environmental amelioration Reduction in import bill Rural employment generation Improving soil fertility and soil health