MEMORY

YOUR SUBTITLE GOES HERE

YOUR TITLE GOES HERE

YOUR SUBTOPIC GOES HERE

Magnetic Tape

The first truly mass auxiliary storage device was the magnetic tape drive
External HD

Figure 5.4 A magnetic tape

Magnetic Disks

A read/write head travels across a spinning magnetic disk, retrieving or recording data

Figure 5.5 The organization of a magnetic disk

YOUR TITLE GOES HERE

YOUR SUBTOPIC GOES HERE

Pocket HDD External HDD

www.animationfactory.com

Backdrops:
- These are full sized backdrops, just scale them up! - Can be Copy-Pasted out of Templates for use anywhere!

List and Define Different types of Memory. I. Primary

A. Random Access Memory (R. A.M.) B. Read Only Memory (R.O.M.)

II. Auxiliary
A. Floppy Disk Drive
B. Zip Disk Disk Drive C. CD ROM Drive (C.D.) D. Digital Disk Drive (D.V.D)

Random Access Memory (R.A.M.)

RAM stores both the program instructions and the data the computer processes. Information stored in RAM is temporary. RAM memory allows users to Read and Write to it. When the computer loses power or is turned off, the information in RAM is lost. The information in RAM is thus said to be volatile.

Read Only Memory (R.O.M.)

ROM contains permanent setup programs that is used by the CPU each time the computer is turned on. A computer can not function without these instructions. Information stored in ROM is put in by the manufacturer. When the computer loses power or is turned off the information in ROM is not lost. The information in ROM is thus said to be nonvolatile.

Floppy Disk Drive

A floppy disk drive is a device used to read and write information. Floppy disks are portable and save data magnetically. The size of most floppy disk are 3.5 inches. High Density PC and Mac disks can hold 1.44 megabytes of data. Double Density PC and Mac disks can hold 720 and 800 K respectively

Zip Disk Drive

A zip disk drive is very similar to the traditional floppy drive. A zip drive is a device used to read and write information. It is portable and saves data magnetically. Most zip disks can hold 100 or 250 megabytes of data.

Compact Disk Read Only Memory ( C.D.-R.O.M)

A CD (Compact Disk) drive is used to read information and holds about 600 megabytes. Although some CD drives allow users to save information others do not. If a CD is not writable it is referred to as a CD ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY).

Digital Video Disk ( D.V.D.)

A DVD Drive (Digital Video Disk or Digital Versatile Disk) is used to read information and can hold about 7 times more memory than a cd. Like CDs, some DVDs allow users to save information others do not.

Hard Disk Drive

Stores data and program instructions Permanent (nonvolatile) storage Storage capacities up to 250 GB and higher Transfers data in milliseconds

Storing Data On Your Computer

Chapter 12, Exploring the Digital Domain

In this chapter . . .
You will learn about

how various storage technologies support processing how data is transferred to and from the processor two classes of secondary memory

DASD SASD

How data is organized on magnetic and optical media

Main Memory

RAM is composed of integrated units SDRAM-Synchronous Dynamic RAM DIMMs--Dual Inline Memory Modules

Connecting to the Processor

a bus is a connection between components classifying buses

data width speed

early designs featured a single system bus

Connecting to the Processor

Modern designs feature two-tier chipset northbridge-controller connecting CPU with memory, graphics controller southbridge-controller connecting I/O and other devices

Memory Hierarchy I

Memory Hierarchy II

Types of Memory Access

RANDOM ACCESS

items are independently addressed access time is constant items are independently addressed in regions access time is variablethough not significantly items are organized in sequence (linearly) access time is significantly variable

DIRECT ACCESS

SEQUENTIAL ACCESS

Secondary Memory

SEQUENTIAL ACCESS STORAGE DEVICES AND MEDIA (SASD)

magnetic tape

DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICES AND MEDIA (DASD)

magnetic floppy disks magnetic hard disks optical discs

Direct Access Storage Devices

magnetic hard and floppy disks removable hard disks optical discs

CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD

GEOMETRY: TRACKS and SECTORS

DASD Media

CAV constant angular velocity (e.g., floppy and hard disks) CLV constant linear velocity (e.g., optical discs) Zoned CAV number of sectors depends upon zone

Direct Access

SEEK controller advances read/write head to proper track LATENCY waits for proper sector to rotate under head READ/WRITE disk head scans the sector for read or write

Magnetic Disks

FLOPPY DISKS

HARD DISKS

5.25 and 3.5 inch diskettes CAV 1.44 2.88 MBytes capacity access: drive speeds 600 r.p.m. inexpensive, archival uses for small amounts of data offline storage

3.5 inch has approx 1030K tracks per side ZCAV multiple disk, sides (cylinders) high capacity access: drive speeds 5,400; 7,200 r.p.m. and higher on-line storage

Disk vs. File Organization

data is stored in blocks blocks occupy sectors sectors on tracks files have names files are indefinite in size files may be updated (in part or whole) directory entries record file data file allocation table keeps track of file pieces

CD-ROM

based on CDDA technology CLV geometry density: 16,000 tpi up to 650 MBytes nonerasable, nonwriteable storage discs are mastered, pressed (mass production) multispeeds drives common

CDR

discs are burnt one at a time high intensity laser beam used for recording pregrooved tracks low intensity beam for reading attributes similar to CD-ROM

CD-RW

CD-ReWritable-writable, erasable disc optical phase-change recording Erased, written up to 1,000 times UDF (Universal Disk Format)

variable-length packets fixed-length packets

DVD

Digital Versatile Disc second generation CDROM higher capacity:

higher data density multiple sides multiple layers

Competencies
Distinguish between primary & secondary storage Discuss the different types of storage media Describe the traditional floppy disk and the high capacity floppy disks Describe various types of hard disk devices

Magnetic Storage Devices

Floppy disks: Small, portable disks that hold a limited amount of data Hard disks: Large-capacity and fast-access storage devices Zip disks: Auxiliary storage devices that can hold large quantities of data and can be portable Magnetic tape drives: Used for making system backups and storing large quantities of data

Optical Storage Devices

CD-DA: Audio CD CD-R: This drive allows you to read and to write to a compact disk CD-ROM: Can hold large amounts of data, but is read-only access

Optical Storage Devices (cont.)

CD-RW: Can be written on several times DVD-ROM: Read-only DVD format DVD-R: Similar to CD, but holds more data; read-only DVD-RW: Can be written on several times PhotoCD: Used for storing digital photographs on a CD

Solid-State Storage Media

Non-volatile removable media Miniature mobile media

Uses integrated circuits

Connects to the computer via a USB port

USB flash drive

Competencies cont.
Describe ways to improve hard-disk operations Describe the different types of optical disks Describe other kinds of secondary storage devices

Storage

Primary storage

Secondary storage

Volatile Temporary

Nonvolatile Permanent

Secondary storage characteristics

Media Capacity Storage devices Access speed

Secondary Storage Devices

Floppy Disks
Diskettes Floppies Portable storage media Floppy disk drives (FDD)

Traditional Floppy Disk

Traditional Floppy Diskette

Types of Floppies
High capacity Known as a floppy-disk cartridge Require special disk drives Three well known types

Zip disks HiFD disks SuperDisks

Hard Disks

Use thicker, metallic platters for storage Faster than a floppy diskette Large capacity

Sensitive instruments

Materials that Cause a Head Crash

Internal Hard Disk

Located inside system unit Known as a fixed disk

Designated as the C drive Advantages over floppies

Access

speed

Hard-Disk Cartridges

Removable hard disks Used to complement internal hard disk

Capacities of 10 to 20 GB

PC Card Hard Disks

Hard-Disk Packs
Removable Massive storage capacity Common in mainframes Resembles stack of vinyl records

Hard-Disk Pack

Performance Enhancements

Disk caching Redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID) File compression and decompression

Optical Disks
Compact Permanent storage Laser beams reflect off pits Two common types

CD DVD

Compact Disc
Optical format From 650 MB to 1 GB capacity Rotation speeds vary Types

Read only: CD-ROM Write once: CD-R Rewriteable: CD-RW Picture CDs and Photo CDs

Digital Versatile Disc

Digital Versatile Disk or Digital Video Disk (DVD) Similar to CDs, but can store more data Types

Read only Write once Rewritable

DataPlay
Optical disk Write once format Quarter size

500 MB capacity Holds 5 hours of CDquality sound

Use for storing and playing music files

Other Types of Secondary Storage

Solid-state storage Internet hard drives Magnetic tape

Solid-State Storage

Flash memory cards

Widely used in notebook computers Used to record MP3 music files

Key chain hard drives

Key chain flash memory devices Connects to a USB port

Internet Hard Drives

Magnetic Tape
External storage Provides sequential access

Information stored in sequence Slower than disks which provide direct access

Magnetic tape streamers or tape cartridges used by both mainframes and

A Look to the Future Blu-Ray Technology

New standard in storage Blu-Ray

New disks use blue laser light instead of the red laser light used in traditional CD players Disks may ultimately hold

Over

30GB on one-sided disks Over 50GB on two-sided disks

Memory

RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory) Cache Memory

Random Access Memory(RAM)

RAM is temporary, fast memory Working memory - holds lists if instructions that it is currently working on and handles work since last saved RAM is volatile and requires a constant supply of electric power , data is lost when the power to the computer is turned off Saving work removes it permanently from RAM to disk Additional RAM chips can be added by installing a memoryexpansion card The more RAM, the faster the computer operates, the more programs that can be open simultaneously and the faster they perform A certain minimum RAM is required to install and run programs 64 Mb or 128Mb RAM minimum now required to run most programs

ROM (Read Only Memory)

A memory that holds data or special instructions for computer operation, such as starting the computer or putting characters on the screen. Contents of ROM are permanently fixed when the computer chip is made Information in ROM remains intact even when computer is switched off Computer can only read what is in ROM, it cannot alter it ROM cannot be altered by the computer or programmer - the actual content of ROM is fixed at the time of its manufacture. ROM can only be changed by changing the computer.

Cache memory

A special high-speed memory area linked to the processor that the CPU can access quickly. Frequently used data is stored here saving the processor from having to read from the hard disk all the time. Allows the CPU to run faster because it doesnt have to take time to swap instructions in and out of RAM. Measured in bytes ranging 128kB - 512kB

Other forms of memory

Video RAM (VRAM) used to store display images for the monitor. Determines how fast images appear and how many colours are available. Video memory chips are essential when running programs that display a lot of graphics.