OS and Networking Concepts

Operating Systems and Networking concepts
O/S and N/W concepts
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Operating System Concepts

Definition Objectives Services Evolution
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Operating System

A program that controls the execution of application programs An interface between applications and hardware The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user can execute programs in a convenient and efficient manner.
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Layers of Computer System
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Kernel

Portion of operating system that is in main memory Contains most frequently used functions Also called the nucleus
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Operating System Objectives
Convenience
Makes the computer more convenient to use Allows computer system resources to be used in an efficient manner Permit effective development, testing, and introduction of new system functions without interfering with service
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Efficiency
Ability to evolve
Operating System Objectives
Accuracy
Ensures the correct operation of the computer system
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Services Provided by the Operating System
Program development
Editors and debuggers
Program execution Access to I/O devices Controlled access to files System access
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Error detection and response
Internal and external hardware errors

Memory error Device failure
Software errors
Arithmetic overflow Access forbidden memory locations
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Accounting

Collect usage statistics Monitor performance Used to anticipate future enhancements Used for billing purposes
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Services Provided by the Operating System Responsible for managing resources Functions same way as ordinary computer software
It is program that is executed
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Evolution of an Operating System
Hardware upgrades plus new types of hardware New services Fixes
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Evolution of Operating Systems
Serial Processing

No operating system Machines run from a console with display lights, toggle switches, input device, and printer Schedule time Setup included loading the compiler, source program, saving compiled program, and loading and linking
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Evolution of Operating Systems
Simple Batch Systems
Monitors

Software that controls the sequence of events Batch jobs together Program branches back to monitor when finished
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Hardware Features
Memory protection
Do not allow the memory area containing the monitor to be altered Prevents a job from monopolizing the system
Timer
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Hardware Features
Privileged instructions
Certain machine level instructions can only be executed by the monitor Early computer models did not have this capability
Interrupts
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Memory Protection
User program executes in user mode
Certain instructions may not be executed Kernel mode Privileged instructions are executed Protected areas of memory may be accessed
Monitor executes in system mode

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Uniprogramming
Processor must wait for I/O instruction to complete before preceding
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Multiprogramming
When one job needs to wait for I/O, the processor can switch to the other job
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Multiprogramming
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Time Sharing

Using multiprogramming to handle multiple interactive jobs Processors time is shared among multiple users Multiple users simultaneously access the system through terminals
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Major Achievements

Processes Memory Management Information protection and security Scheduling and resource management System structure
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Processes

A program in execution An instance of a program running on a computer The entity that can be assigned to and executed on a processor A unit of activity characterized by a single sequential thread of execution, a current state, and an associated set of system resources
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Process
Consists of three components

An executable program Associated data needed by the program Execution context of the program
All information the operating system needs to manage the process
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Memory Management

Process isolation Automatic allocation and management Support of modular programming Protection and access control Long-term storage
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Virtual Memory

Allows programmers to address memory from a logical point of view No gap between the execution of successive processes while one process was written out to secondary store and the successor process was read in
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Virtual Memory and File System

Implements long-term store Information stored in named objects called files
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Paging
Allows process to be comprised of a number of fixed-size blocks, called pages Virtual address is a page number and an offset within the page Each page may be located any where in main memory Real address or physical address in main memory
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Virtual Memory Addressing
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Information Protection and Security
Availability
Concerned with protecting the system against interruption Assuring that users cannot read data for which access is unauthorized
Confidentiality
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Information Protection and Security
Data integrity
Protection of data from unauthorized modification Concerned with the proper verification of the identity of users and the validity of messages or data
Authenticity
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Scheduling and Resource Management
Fairness
Give equal and fair access to resources

Discriminate among different classes of jobs Maximize throughput, minimize response time, and accommodate as many uses as possible
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Differential responsiveness
Efficiency
Key Elements of Operating System
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System Structure

View the system as a series of levels Each level performs a related subset of functions Each level relies on the next lower level to perform more primitive functions This decomposes a problem into a number of more manageable subproblems
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Process Hardware Levels
Level 1
Electronic circuits Objects are registers, memory cells, and logic gates Operations are clearing a register or reading a memory location Processors instruction set Operations such as add, subtract, load, and store
Level 2

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Process Hardware Levels
Level 3
Adds the concept of a procedure or subroutine, plus call/return operations Interrupts
Level 4
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Concepts with Multiprogramming
Level 5
Process as a program in execution Suspend and resume processes Secondary storage devices Transfer of blocks of data Creates logical address space for processes Organizes virtual address space into blocks
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Level 6
Level 7
Deal with External Objects
Level 8
Communication of information and messages between processes Supports long-term storage of named files Provides access to external devices using standardized interfaces
Level 9
Level 10
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Deal with External Objects
Level 11
Provides an interface to the operating system for the user
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Modern Operating Systems
Microkernel architecture
Assigns only a few essential functions to the kernel

Address spaces Interprocess communication (IPC) Basic scheduling
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Multithreading
Process is divided into threads that can run concurrently
Thread

Dispatchable unit of work executes sequentially and is interruptable
Process is a collection of one or more threads
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Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

There are multiple processors These processors share same main memory and I/O facilities All processors can perform the same functions
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Distributed operating systems
Provides the illusion of a single main memory space and single secondary memory space
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Object-oriented design
Used for adding modular extensions to a small kernel Enables programmers to customize an operating system without disrupting system integrity
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Windows Architecture

Modular structure for flexibility Executes on a variety of hardware platforms Supports application written for other operating system
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Threads and SMP
Operating system routines can run on any available processor Different routines can execute simultaneously on different processors Multiple threads of execution within a single process may execute on different processors simultaneously Server processes may use multiple threads Share data and resources between process
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UNIX

Hardware is surrounded by the operating system software Operating system is called the system kernel Comes with a number of user services and interfaces

Shell Components of the C compiler
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UNIX
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Modern UNIX Systems

System V Release 4 (SVR4) Solaris 9 4.4BSD Linux
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Types of Operating System

Real Time Multi-user / Single-User Multi-tasking / Single-tasking Distributed Embedded system
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Tasks of Operating System
Process Management Memory Management System Calls User Interface command-line/GUI Buffering and spooling Interrupt Handling File Management Secondary Storage Management Scheduling Computer Security Computer Networking
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Networking Concepts
Definition Parts of a Network Network Channels LANs, MANS, WANs, Backbone Networking Protocols Network Topologies Network Architectures and Network Reference Models Other Terminologies
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Networking Definition
Two or more computers are connected To Communicate with each other To Share resources and files
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Networking Concepts
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Parts of a Network

Servers Host Computer Clients Channels Network Circuit Interface Devices Modems / Network Interface Cards Operating System
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Networking Concepts
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Networking Channels
Classification dimensions:
Transmission Medium wired line, wireless
Transmission rate or bandwidth measured as bps

Transmission directional capability simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex Signal Type analog, digital
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Networking Concepts
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LANs, MANs, WANs, Backbone

LANs limited geographical area MANs/WANs Larger geographical area Backbones High-bandwidthed channels connecting LANs
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Networking Concepts
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Networking Protocols
The OSI Model supports two general types of protocols. Both are common: Connection-Oriented
Sender and receiver first establish a connection, possibly negotiate on a protocol. (virtual circuit) Transmit the stream of data. Release the connection when done. E.g. Telephone connection. No advance setup is needed. Transmit the message (datagrams) when sender is ready. E.g. surface mail. 62
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Connectionless
Networking Layer Protocols

Layer 3 Protocols Tasks

Packetizing Addressing Routing

Binary representation at senders machine Senders binary representation broken into packets Packets sent to receiver computer Packets received at receiver computer Packets assembled at receiver computer Binary representation at receiver computer
Steps

Egs TCP/IP, IPX/SPX

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Data-Link Layer Protocols

Layer 2 Protocols Tasks

Delineation Error Control Channel Access
Egs Ethernet, Token-ring, Slip, PPP Every Network has one Network Layer and one Data-link Layer protocol
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Networking Concepts
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Networking Topologies
Basic geometric layout for connecting the computers to the Network channel Determines the method of channel access Topologies :
Bus Ring Star

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Bus Topology
Clients, servers, resources are connected directly to a single channel Bus = single channel Runs from one end of the network to the other Networks using Ethernet, use Bus Topology
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Ring Topology
All computers in the LAN connected to a close loop circuit Each computer linked to the next Networks using token ring use Ring Topology
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Star Topology
All clients connected individually to the server Each client uses a direct channel Was common in the Mainframe era Not commonly used in LANs Used in some WANs now
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Networking Concepts
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Network Architectures and Network Reference Models
Architecture versus Reference Model:
Architecture : It may be seen as a detailed generic blueprint with unambiguous definitions of services, interfaces, organization and defined protocols that helps in design and implementation of a set of relevant protocol stack / suite based network / internet work Reference Model : It is the same as the architecture minus the specifically defined readily usable protocols.
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ISO OSI Reference Model

Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer
Application Subsystem
Data Link Layer

Physical Layer
Communication Subsystem
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Physical Layer
Media used for device connection (copper cables, fiber optics, wireless, etc.) Supporting hardware (repeaters, hubs and network interface cards). Also includes: connector design definition of electrical signaling and encoding time or synchronization methods.
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Physical Layer
The Physical Layer translates the outgoing bits received from the Data Link Layer into signals, places the signal on the media At the receiving station converts incoming signals into bits for handoff to the Data Link Layer. The Physical Layer deals only with bits on the wire and makes NO ADDRESSING DECISIONS
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Data-link Layer
The Data Link Layer relies on the services of the Physical Layer. It receives and interprets the bit stream as a FRAME of data. The header includes physical or hardware (MAC) addresses of the destination and source hosts. The DLL is responsible for the error and flow control between devices. CRC (cycle redundancy check) ensures that the bits sent are the bits received.
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Data-link Layer
Flow control ensures that data transmission is not performed until the receiving device is ready to receive. Ethernet and IEEEs 802.3 are examples of data link services. In Ethernet, the DLL is one layer facilitating both the hardware address, media access, payload identification. With 802.3 the DLL is divided into sub layers.
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Data-link Layer

The Logical Link Control (LLC) sub layer provides protocol (payload) and control information. The Media Access Control (MAC) implements the access method and hardware address. Hardware that operates at layer 2 includes bridges and switches. These devices make decisions based on the destination hardware address contained in the frame. The NIC also provides layer 2 service at the host.
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Network Layer
The Network Layer can be used to route datafrom network to network in geographically separate areas. Logical addressing is used to enable protocols operating at the Network Layer to deliver the data. When data is passed to the Network Layer it is called a packet.
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Network Layer
The packet is wrapped in a header specific to the protocol (IP and IPX are examples) in use. Each protocol differentiates its address scheme.
Some protocol addresses are regulated Some schemes allow the administrator total flexibility.
The logical address is divided into a Network ID and a Host ID.

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Network Layer
Routers:
Devices that operate at the Network Layer. Use routing protocols to pass network connectivity information and routable protocols to pass the data.
A network wishing to communicate with another network requires a gateway device. The router serves as the gateway.
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Communication System
Layers 1 through 3 make up the communication subsystem. They are implemented in hardware and supported by software. Each layer is independent.
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Transportation Layer
The Transport Layer provides end to end data transport with a logical connection between the sender and the receiving hosts. It ensures data integrity through flow control and reliable data transport. Additionally the multiplexing of upper layer applications and session management provides for transparent data transfer.
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Windowing or flow control is critical in the prevention of lost data. (The window is the amount of data each side is "willing" to accept.) Preventing the sending station from overflowing the receiver buffers, congestion and data loss is reduced and reliable data transport can be achieved.
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Reliable transport includes:

The acknowledge of segments Retransmission of lost segments Reordering of segments into correct sequence.
For reliable transport operation, a connection between peers must be established.

Handshaking between peers is used to establish the connection (virtual circuit).
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Session Layer
The Session Layer sets checkpoints at specified intervals during application execution. These checkpoints break the data into grouping for error detection. In the event of a failure, both participating nodes/applications will, upon establishment of communication, use the synch points to restart and continue the application from the point of failure.
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Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer services include:

translation between code sets encryption of data data compression/decompression.
Through these translation services the Presentation Layer ensures that application data is readable between participating hosts.
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Application Layer
Network applications interface to the network through the Application Layer. Support is provided for:
file transfers messaging services data access
Layer 7 protocols examples include FTP, TELNET and HTTP. Layer 7 ensures availability of the communicating entities and resources for communication.
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Application Subsystem
Layers 4 thru 7 comprise the application subsystem. They are implemented in software.
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Networking Concepts

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Other Terminologies
Bridges :A network bridge connects multiple network segments. Hubs :A common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. NIC : Network Interface Card. Board that provides network communication capabilities to and from a computer system. Also called an adapter.s
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Other Terminologies
Switches :A network switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN). Technically, network switches operate at layer two (Data Link Layer) of the OSI model. Repeaters :Its a two-ports electronic device that just repeats what receives from one port to the other. A multiport repeater is called hub.
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Other Terminologies
Gateways :In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with another network that uses different protocols - translating capability. When used for network security, it is called Firewall. Routers :is an electronic device used to connect two or more computers or other electronic devices to each other, and usually to the Internet, by wire or radio signals. This allows several computers to communicate with each other and to the Internet at the same time.
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Other Terminologies
Clouds :abstraction of node connectivity in the networking context Services :Functionalities provided by a layer / protocol /Entity Service Access Points: defined addresses / ports through which data / parameters are passed
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Other Terminologies

Interfaces: Peer-to-Peer / Layer-to-Layer / entityto-entity Interoperability - Applies to different implementations of the same specification. Each participating device must have the identical layering for interoperability. Compatibility - applies to independent implementations of the different specifications Tunneling - tunneling protocol when one network protocol (the delivery protocol) encapsulates a different payload protocol. By using tunneling one can (for example) carry a payload over an incompatible delivery-network, or provide a secure path through an untrusted network.
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Thank you !
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OS and Networking Concepts

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OS and Networking Concepts

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Operating Systems and Networking concepts

O/S and N/W concepts

Operating System Concepts

Definition Objectives Services Evolution

O/S and N/W concepts

O/S and N/W concepts

Layers of Computer System

O/S and N/W concepts

O/S and N/W concepts

Operating System Objectives

O/S and N/W concepts

Operating System Objectives

Ensures the correct operation of the computer system

O/S and N/W concepts

Services Provided by the Operating System

Editors and debuggers

O/S and N/W concepts

Services Provided by the Operating System

Error detection and response

Internal and external hardware errors

Memory error Device failure

Arithmetic overflow Access forbidden memory locations

O/S and N/W concepts

Services Provided by the Operating System

O/S and N/W concepts

It is program that is executed

O/S and N/W concepts

O/S and N/W concepts

Evolution of an Operating System

Hardware upgrades plus new types of hardware New services Fixes

O/S and N/W concepts

Evolution of Operating Systems

O/S and N/W concepts

Evolution of Operating Systems

Simple Batch Systems

O/S and N/W concepts

O/S and N/W concepts

O/S and N/W concepts

User program executes in user mode

Monitor executes in system mode

O/S and N/W concepts

Processor must wait for I/O instruction to complete before preceding

O/S and N/W concepts

O/S and N/W concepts

O/S and N/W concepts

O/S and N/W concepts

O/S and N/W concepts

O/S and N/W concepts

Consists of three components

All information the operating system needs to manage the process

O/S and N/W concepts

O/S and N/W concepts

O/S and N/W concepts

Virtual Memory and File System

Implements long-term store Information stored in named objects called files

O/S and N/W concepts

O/S and N/W concepts

Virtual Memory Addressing

O/S and N/W concepts

Information Protection and Security

O/S and N/W concepts

Information Protection and Security

O/S and N/W concepts