Compiled By : Parekh NIRAV Branch:- I.T.

(5th Sem) Enroll No:-090570116004

A Peek into the history

The first recognizably modern embedded system was the Apollo Guidance Computer, developed at MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. In the beginning, the Apollo guidance computer was considered the riskiest item in the Apollo project as the new monolithic integrated circuits, were used to reduce size and weight but increased this risk.

How does an Embedded system differ from computer system ?

An Embedded system is a specific to a application, whereas a computer system is generic. Though the components are same there is

substantial difference in them. A personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function, rather it is able to do many things. The essential difference is that a computer when manufactured is in blank state, the manufacturer does not know what the customer will do with it, while an Embedded system is application specific.

 An Embedded systems is a component within some large

systems. If required each of the embedded systems are connected by a sort of a communication network. Numerous embedded systems make up the computer system.

Introduction to Embedded System

The embedded system is a combination of computer hardware, software additional electrical & mechanical parts A computer is used in such devices primarily as a means to simplify the system design and to provide flexibility. Embedded systems employ the use of a RTOS (RealTime Operating System).

Characteristic of embedded systems

Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task,

rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met, for reason such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs. Embedded systems are not always separate devices. Most often they are physically built-in to the devices they control.

Characteristic of embedded systems (cont)

The software written for embedded systems is often called

firmware, and is stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips rather than a disk drive. It often runs with limited computer hardware resources: small or no keyboard, screen, and little memory.

CPU platform
Embedded processors can be broken into two distinct

categories: 1. microprocessors (P) 2. microcontrollers (C).

There are many different CPU architectures used in

embedded designs such as ARM, MIPS, Coldfire/68k, PowerPC, x86, PIC, 8051, Atmel AVR, Renesas H8, SH, V850, FR-V, M32R, Z80, Z8, etc. These often use DOS, Linux, NetBSD, or an embedded real-time operating system such as MicroC/OS-II, QNX or VxWorks.

CPU platform (cont)

A common configuration for very-high-volume embedded

systems is: The system on a chip (SoC), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), for which the CPU core was purchased and added as part of the chip design. A related scheme is to use a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and program it with all the logic, including the CPU.

How to work on embedded system?

We can divide our requirements on tow different sets.
1) HARDWARE
1) Circuit Designing

2) Cpu selection
3) PCB manufacturing 4) Assembly 5) Device Programmer

2) Software
1) Programming language selection 2) Programming tool : Depending on cpu selected

3) Debugger or Simulator

Embedded System in action

General Purpose Microprocessor

CPU for Computers No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself Example--Intels x86: 8086,8088,80386,80486, Pentium
CPU GeneralPurpose Microprocessor

Data Bus

Many chips on mother board

Serial COM Port

RAM

ROM

I/O Port

Timer

Address Bus General-Purpose Microprocessor System

Application areas
Automotive electronics

Aircraft electronics

Trains

Telecommunication

Importance of Embedded Software and Embedded Processors..

... The New York Times has estimated that the average

American comes into contact with about 60 microprocessors every day.... Latest top-level BMWs contain over 100 microprocessors[Personal communication].

Conclusion
Each of the embedded system is unique and the hardware is highly specialized to the application domain. As a result, embedded systems programming can be widely varying experience and can take years to master. One common denominator across almost all embedded software development is the use of C programming language. It seems inevitable that the number of embedded systems will continue to increase rapidly. Individuals who possess the skills and desire to design the next generation of embedded systems will be in demand for quite some amount of time.

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