Introduction

Energy Supply, World, combined resources by

which the nations of the world attempt to meet
their energy needs. Energy is the basis of
industrial civilization; without energy, modern life
would cease to exist. During the 1970s the world
began a painful adjustment to the vulnerability of
energy supplies
.
Sources of Energy

Hydroelectric Power Many

countries and states draw
waterpower for energy.
Development of dam
systems is both expensive
and potentially damaging to
the environment, so dams
are generally carefully
planned, financed, and
managed by the
government.
 Fossil Fuels

• Energy-rich substances that have formed from long-

buried plants and microorganisms. Fossil fuels, which
include petroleum, coal, and natural gas, provide most of
the energy that powers modern industrial society. The
gasoline that fuels our cars, the coal that powers many
electrical plants, and the natural gas that heats our homes
are all fossil fuels.

• FORMATION OF FOSSIL FUELS

• Fossil fuels formed from ancient organisms that died and

were buried under layers of accumulating sediment.
 Coal Formation

The coal we find today formed from generations of plants

that died in ancient tropical swamps and accumulated on
the swamp bottoms. The plant material first formed a
compact organic material called peat. As layers of
sediment gradually accumulated over the peat, the
pressure and heat exerted by the thickening layers
gradually drove out the moisture and increased the carbon
content of the peat, forming coal.
.
 Petroleum Formation

• Petroleum formed chiefly from ancient, microscopic plants

and bacteria that lived in the ocean and saltwater seas. When
these microorganisms died and settled to the seafloor, they
mixed with sand and silt to form organic-rich mud. As layers
of sediment accumulated over this organic ooze, the mud was
gradually heated and slowly compressed into shale or
mudstone, chemically transforming the organic material into
petroleum and natural gas.
• Sometimes, the petroleum and natural gas would slowly fill
the tiny holes within nearby porous rocks, which geologists
call reservoir rocks. Because these porous rocks were usually
filled with water, the liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons (which
are less dense and lighter than water) migrated upward,
through the earth’s crust, sometimes for long distances
 Sources of Energy
• Biofuel, any solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel produced from
organic (once-living) matter. Biofuel is produced either
directly from plants or indirectly from industrial,
commercial, domestic, or agricultural wastes. There are
three main methods for the development of biofuels: the
burning of dry organic wastes (such as household refuse,
industrial and agricultural wastes, straw, wood, and peat);
the fermentation of wet wastes (such as animal dung) in
the absence of oxygen to produce biogas (containing up
to 60 percent methane), or the fermentation of sugarcane
or corn to produce alcohol and esters; and energy forestry
(producing fast-growing wood for fuel).
• Biomass, contraction for biological mass, the amount of
living material provided by a given area of the earth's
surface. The term is most familiar from discussions of
biomass energy, that is, the fuel energy that can be
derived directly or indirectly from biological sources.
Biomass energy from wood, crop residues, and dung
remains the primary source of energy in developing
regions.
• Coal, a combustible organic rock composed primarily
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Coal is burned to
produce energy and is used to manufacture steel. It is
also an important source of chemicals used to make
medicine, fertilizers, pesticides, and other products.
Coal comes from ancient plants buried over millions
of years in Earth’s crust, its outermost layer. Coal,
petroleum, natural gas, and oil shale are all known as
fossil fuels because they come from the remains of
ancient life buried deep in the crust.

• Electric Power Systems, components that transform

other types of energy into electrical energy and
transmit this energy to a consumer. The production
and transmission of electricity is relatively efficient
and inexpensive, although unlike other forms of
energy, electricity is not easily stored and thus must
generally be used as it is being produced
• Nuclear Energy, energy released during the splitting or
fusing of atomic nuclei. The energy of any system,
whether physical, chemical, or nuclear, is manifested by
the system’s ability to do work or to release heat or
radiation. The total energy in a system is always
conserved, but it can be transferred to another system or
changed in form.
Nuclear
Power Plant
 Physics Of Energy
• Conservation Laws, in physics, any of a group of laws
stating that in a closed system that undergoes a physical
process, certain measurable quantities remain constant.
Many consider conservation laws the most fundamental
laws of physics
• Combustion, process of rapid oxidation or burning of a
substance with simultaneous evolution of heat and,
usually, light. In the case of common fuels, the process is
one of chemical combination with atmospheric oxygen to
produce as the principal products carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, and water, together with products such as
sulfur dioxide that may be generated by the minor
constituents of the fuel (see Chemical Reaction; Fuel).
 Energy

• Energy, capacity of matter to perform work as the result

of its motion or its position in relation to forces acting on
it. Energy associated with motion is known as kinetic
energy, and energy related to position is called potential
energy. Thus, a swinging pendulum has maximum
potential energy at the terminal points; at all intermediate
positions it has both kinetic and potential energy in
varying proportions. Energy exists in various forms,
including mechanical (see Mechanics), therma
Heat (physics), in physics, transfer of energy from
one part of a substance to another, or from one body
to another by virtue of a difference in temperature.
• Kinetic Energy, energy possessed by an object, resulting
from the motion of that object. The magnitude of the
kinetic energy depends on both the mass and the speed of
the object according to the equation
E = ymv2
• where m is the mass of the object and v2 is its speed
multiplied by itself. The value of E can also be derived
from the equation
• E = (ma)d
• where a is the acceleration applied to the mass, m, and d is
the distance through which a acts. The relationships
between kinetic and potential energy and among the
concepts of force, distance, acceleration, and energy can be
illustrated by the lifting and dropping of an object.
When the object is lifted from a surface a vertical force is
applied to the object. As this force acts through a distance,
energy is transferred to the object. The energy associated
with an object held above a surface is termed potential
energy. If the object is dropped, the potential energy is
converted to kinetic energy
 Energy Crisis

Energy Crisis Gas Lines During the energy crisis of

the 1970s, people frequently had to wait in long lines
to purchase gasoline. The shortage was caused
largely by an embargo imposed by oil-producing
nations.
 Sources
• Pictures from Encarta and internet.
• Content from internet and encyclopedia.