Pesticide

By
Thakur.Shashank.B
Introduction

 The increasing pressure for food to production

meet current demand requires protection of crops
from pests.
 The use of pesticides is inevitable & constitutes
an integral part of modern crop management
practices.
 Pesticides include chemical to protect crops from
insects(insecticides),weeds((herbicides),disease
causing micro-organism (fungicide &bactericides),
mites(acaricides), nematodes(nematicides),and
rodents(rodenticides).
 pesticides also include chemical that
control pets directly hazardous to animals
and humans,particularly
vectors,suchas,mosquitoes,fleas,ticks and
lice that transmit diseases.
 “Natural” or “Organic” pesticide controls a
pest. Organic pesticides are usually those
pesticides that come from natural sources.
 These natural sources are usually plants,
as is the case with pyrethrum (pyrethins),
rotenone or ryania (botanical insecticides),
or minerals, such as boric acid, cryolite,
ordiatomaceous earth. Organic pesticides
are largely insecticides.
 History
 Since before 500 BC, humans have used pesticides to
prevent damage to their crops. The first known pesticide
was sulfur.
 By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic,
mercury and lead were being applied to crops to kill
pests.
 In the 17th century, nicotine sulfate was extracted from
tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide.
 The 19th century saw the introduction of two more
natural pesticides, pyrethrum which is derived from
chrysanthemums, and rotenone which is derived from
the roots of tropical vegetables.
 In 1939, Paul Müller discovered that DDT was a very
effective insecticide. It quickly became the most widely-
used pesticide in the world.
 However, in the 1960s, it was discovered that DDT was
preventing many fish-eating birds from reproducing which
was a huge threat to biodiversity.
 Rachel Carson wrote the best-selling book "Silent
Spring" about biological magnification.
 DDT is now banned in at least 86 countries, but it is still
used in some developing nations to prevent malaria and
other tropical diseases by killing mosquitoes and other
disease-carrying insects .
 -Pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950, and 2.5
million tons of industrial pesticides are now used each year
 Characteristic of pesticides
 They have a narrow target range
 They have a specific mode of action
 They are slow acting and have relatively
critical application times
 They can suppress, rather then eliminate a
pest population
 They have a limited field persistence and a
short shelf life
 They are safer to human and the
environmental than conventional

pesticides
 They have a short residual effect.
 Types of pesticide
 Bactericides for the control of bacteria
 Herbicides for the control of weeds
 Fungicides for the control of fungi
 Insecticides for the control of insects -
these can be Ovicides, Larvicides or
Adulticides
 Miticides for the control of mites
 Nematicides for the control of worms
 Rodenticides for the control of rodents

 Virucides for the control of viruses

 A bactericides or bactericide is a substance that
kills bacteria and, Preferably, nothing else.
 Bactericides are either disinfectants, antiseptics
Or antibiotics
 Phenolic substances (such as phenol (also called
"carbolic acid"),
 Cresols (called "Lysole" in combination with liquid
potassium soaps),
 Halogenated (chlorinated, brominated) phenols .
 Strong oxidizers, such as ozone and
Bacteriocide
permanganate solutions;
Bacteriocidal antiseptics: An
antiseptics (i.e germicide agents that can be used
on human or animal body, skin, mucoses, wounds),
few of the above mentioned disinfectants can be
used, under proper conditions (mainly
concentration, pH, temperature and toxicity toward
man/animal). Among them, important are some
* Diluted chlorine prepn
* Iodine prepn
* Phenolic compounds
• Cation-active compounds
Bacteriocidal antibiotics:
1. Bacteriocidal antibiotics e.g, Penicillin
2. Bacteriostatic antibiotics e.g,Aminoglycosidic
 Herbicide
 A herbicide is a pesticide used to kill unwanted plants.
Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the
desired crop relatively unharmed. Some of these act by
interfering with the growth of the weed and are often based
on plant hormones.
 Classification of herbicides

By activity, use, chemical family, mode of action, or type of

vegetation controlled.
By activity:
Contact herbicides
Systemic herbicides
Soil-applied herbicides
Pre-emergent herbicides
Post-emergent herbicides
 Mode of action:
ACCase inhibitors
ALS inhibitors
EPSPS inhibitors
Synthetic auxin
Photosystem II inhibitors

 Organic Herbicides:. Organic herbicides are expensive and

may not be affordable for commercial production. They are
much less effective than synthetic herbicides but of course
do not inject unnatural chemicals into the environment.
 Spice
 Vinegar
 Steam
 Flame
 Major herbicides in use today
• 2,4-D, a broadleaf herbicide in the
phenoxy group used in turf and in no-
till field crop production
• Atrazine, a triazine herbicide used in corn
and sorghum for control of broadleaf
weeds and grasses
• Dicamba, a persistent broadleaf herbicide
active in the soil, used on turf and field
corn.
 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

General

Systematic name
2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid

2,4-D
Other names hedonal
trinoxol

Molecular formula
C8H6Cl2O3

Appearance white to yellow powder

Properties
Solubility in
900 mg/L (25 °C)
water

Melting point 140.5 °C (413.5 K)

 Fungicide
 . Fungicides are chemical compounds used
to prevent the spread of fungi in gardens
and crops, which can cause serious
damage to the plants. Fungicides are also
used to fight fungal infections.
 Fungicides can either be contact or
systemic
 A contact fungicide kills fungi when
sprayed on its surface.
 . A systemic fungicide has to be absorbed
by the fungus before the fungus dies.
 2-Phenylphenol

Chemical name
2-phenylphenol

o-phenylphenol
biphenylol
2-hydroxybiphenyl
Other names
orthophenyl phenol
o-xenol
orthoxenol

Chemical formula
C12H10O

Molecular mass
170.21 g/mol

Density 1.293 g/cm³

Melting point55.5-57.5 °C

Boiling point 280-284 °C

 Insecticide
 An insecticide is a pesticide used against
insects in all developmental forms. They
include ovicides and larvicides used
against the eggs and larvae of insects.
Insecticides are used in agriculture,
medicine, industry and the household
 Systemic insecticides
 Contact insecticides
 Natural insecticides
 Inorganic insecticides.
 Organic insecticides
 DDT

4,4'-(2,2,2-trichloroethane-
Chemical name
1,1-diyl)bis(chlorobenzene)

Chemical formula C14H9Cl5

Molecular mass 354.49 g/mol

Melting point 108.5 °C

Boiling point 260 °C

 Properties
 DDT is a colourless
crystalline substance
which is practically
insoluble in water but
highly soluble in fats
and most organic
solvents.
 DDT is created by the
reaction of
trichloroethanol with
chlorobenzene
(C6H5Cl).
 DDT has potent
insecticidal properties
 Miticide
 Miticides are pesticides that kill mites.
 Antibiotic miticides, carbamate miticides, formamidine
miticides, mite growth regulators, organochlorine,
permethrin and organophosphate miticides are all in this
category
 Acaricides:
 Methoprene is virtually harmless to non-insects
 . It is widely available in supermarkets, ctc. Hydroprene is
toxic to fish & perhaps birds. Both are for indoor use only,
as they break down in sunlight.
 Methoprene is applied as a wetting spray, hydroprene as an
aerosol space spray. Neither will affect adult insects; they
work on future generations by preventing growth or
maturation.
 Carbamate:
 Carbamates or urethanes are a group of
organic compounds sharing a common
functional group with the general structure
-NH(CO)O-. Carbamates are esters of
carbamic acid, NH2COOH, an unstable
compound. Since carbamic acid contains a
nitrogen attached to a carboxyl group it is
also an amide
 Carbamates in Biochemistry
 Nematicide
A nematicide is a type of chemical
pesticide used to kill parasitic
nematodes (a phylum of worm A
nematicide is obtained from a Neem
tree's Seed Cake; that is the residue
of neem seeds after oil extraction.
Neem tree is known by several
names in the world but was first
cultivated in India since the ancient
times
 Rodenticide
 Rodenticides are a category of
pest control chemicals intended to
kill rodents.
 Single feed baits are chemicals
sufficiently dangerous that the first
dose is sufficient to kill.
 Rodents are difficult to kill with
poisons because their feeding habits
reflect their place as scavengers
 Phosphine

General
Systematic name Phosphane
Phosphine
Phosphamine
Other names
Phosphorus hydride
Phosphorated hydrogen
Molecular formula PH3
Molar mass 34.00 g/mol
Appearance colorless gas
Properties
Density and phase 1.379 g/l, gas (25 °C)
Solubility in water 31.2 mg/100 ml (17 °C)
Solubility in organic solvents Soluble
Melting point& Boiling point −134 °C & -87.8 oC
 Bio-pesticides
 Biopesticides are pest management tools
that are based on beneficial micro-
organism (bacteria, viruses, fungi and
protozoa), beneficial nematodes or other
safe, biologically based active ingredients.
 Biopesticides include naturally occurring
substances that control pest (biochemical
pesticides), micro-organism that control
pest (microbial pesticides),and pesticidal
substances produced by plants containing
added genetic PIP (Plant Incorporated
Protectants) materials.
 Advantages of biopesticides
 1. Biopesticides are inherently less harmful in
comparison to Conventional pesticides
 2. Biopesticides are designed to affect only one
specific pest or, in some cases, a few organisms, in
contrast to conventional pesticides, that may affect
organisms as different as birds, insects, and
mammals, across a broad spectrum.
 3. Biopesticides are effective in very small quantities
and often decompose quickly, thereby resulting in
lower exposures and largely avoiding the pollution
problems caused by conventional pesticides.
 4. When used as a component of integrated pest
management (IPM) programmers, biopesticides can
greatly decrease the use of conventional pesticides,
while crop yields remain high well.
 /

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