MAGLEV TRAINS

NITHIN RAJ Schl. No. 112113304 M.Tech. Electrical Drives MANIT, Bhopal

Trains that fly on air.

Overall View
Introduction Maglev Methods Science of Maglev Levitation force Propulsion force Lateral Guidance force Excising Maglev System Maximum Speed Records Application Information Future Expansion Conclusion References

INTRODUCTION
Magnetic levitation or maglev is a method by which an object is suspended above another object with no support other than magnetic field. The electromagnetic force is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational force A substance which is diamagnetic repels a magnetic field

A live frog levitates inside a 32 mm diameter vertical bore in a magnetic field of about 16 Teslas at The Nijmegen High Field Magnet Laboratory.

Magnetic Levitation

MAGLEV METHODS
1.
Attraction between an electromagnet and a piece of iron or a magnet, with sensors and active control of the current to the electromagnet used to maintain some distance between them. Repulsion between an electromagnet and a magnet, with sensors and active control of the current to the electromagnet used to maintain some distance between them

2.

SCIENCE OF MAGLEV TRAINS

The basic construction of maglev train depends on three forces LEVITATION FORCE

PROPULSION FORCE
LATERAL GUIDENCE FORCE

LEVITATION FORCE
The levitating force is the upward thrust which lifts the vehicle in the air. This is achieved by the electromagnetic levitation system. There are 2 types of levitating systems Electro Magnetic Suspension (EMS) System Electro Dynamic Suspension (EDS) System

Electromagnetic Suspension (EMS) System

EMS employs attractive force In EMS system the electromagnets are attached on the inside bottom of the casing that extend below and then curves back up to the ferromagnetic rail or track

 The rail is in the shape of T Levitation is about 1/3 of an inch (1 cm) and keeps the train levitated even when its not moving Embedded guidance magnet keeps the train moving from side to side. The electromagnet use feedback control to maintain a train at a constant distance from the track, by controlling the attractive force by varying the current

Levitation Systems Power Supply

Batteries on the train power the system, and therefore it still functions without propulsion. The batteries can levitate the train for 30 minutes without any additional energy. Linear generators in the magnets on board the train use the motion of the train to recharge the batteries. Germany developed MAGLEV Train based on similar concept called Transrapid

Electrodynamic Suspension System (EDS) System

EDS system uses Repulsive force The superconducting magnets (SCMs), which do the levitating of the vehicle

 The track or roadway is either an aluminum guideway or a set of conductive coils The magnetic field of the superconducting magnets onboard the maglev vehicle induces an eddy current in the guideway. The polarity of the eddy current is same as the polarity of the SCMs onboard the vehicle. Repulsion results, "pushing" the vehicle away and thus up from the track. The gap between vehicle and guideway in the EDS-system is nearly 4 inches (10 cm) In this EDS system is that maglev trains must roll on rubber tires until they reach a liftoff speed of about 62 mph (100 kph). So the wheels has an advantage if a power failure caused a shutdown of the system. The EDS system developed by Japan.

 A more advanced EDS system utilizes U shaped guideway Coils are placed on the wall of U shaped guide way Here perpendicular lifting is achieved

Comparison of EDS and EMS

EDS SYSTEM

IT WORKS ON REPULSION FORCE PRINCPLE LEVITATING COIL BY SUPER CONDUCTOR LEVITATION UPTO 10CM MORE SAFER THAN GERMANY VEHICLE WHEELS ARE USED

EMS SYSTEM

IT WORKS ON ATTRACTION PRINCPLE LEVITATING COIL BY ELECTROMAGNET LEVITATION UPTO 1CM 100 TIMES SAFER THAN CONVENTIONAL VEHICLE NO WHEELS

PROPULSION FORCE
This is a horizontal force which causes the movement of train. It requires 3 parameters. Large electric power supply Metal coil lining, a guide way or track. Large magnet attached under the vehicle

PRINCIPLE OF LINEAR MOTOR

Maglev vehicles are propelled primarily by one of the following two options: LINEAR SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR(LSM): A linear synchronous motor (LSM) in which coils in the guideway are excited by a three phase winding to produce a traveling wave at the speed desired LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR(LIM): Linear Induction Motor (LIM) in which an electro- magnet underneath the vehicle induces current in an aluminum sheet on the guideway

PROPULSION OF EMS SYSTEM

For propulsion purposes, there are ferromagnetic stator packets (with three-phase windings) attached to the guideway. The stators that are excited are always just in front of the maglev vehicle. As the stators are excited sequentially, the electromagnets onboard 'chase' the current forward along the track, providing forward motion, or propulsion. The EMS-attractive system maglev surfs with its support magnets on the alternating magnetic field generated in the roadway. The created electromagnetic wave is actually a mobile or traveling electromagnetic wave.

PROPULSION OF EDS SYSTEM

The coils in the guideway are excited by an alternating, three-phase current produces an alternating magnetic field, or standing magnetic wave. Sections of the guideway are excited sequentially, with the excited section being immediately in front of the maglev vehicle. Superconducting magnets onboard the maglev vehicle are attracted to the section of the guideway immediately ahead of it, pulling the vehicle forward. Then, when the vehicle is directly overhead, the direction of the current (and thus the polarity) of the particular guideway segment is changed. During the fraction of a section in which the polarity is being changed, there is effectively neither an attractive nor repulsive interaction

But once the change in polarity occurs, and while the front of the vehicle is moving forward to the next excited portion of the guideway, a repulsive force is created, pushing the vehicle from behind. The EDS-repulsive drive system is a "pull-neutral-then push system

 Only the section of the track where the train is traveling is needed to be electrified.

BRAKING
Braking is done by reversing the magnetic field. Some trains also have air flaps, like airplanes, to slow down, as well as wheels that extend downward or outward to the guideway for emergency braking in the unlikely event that everything else fails.

LATERAL GUIDING FORCE

Guidance or steering refers to the sideward forces that are required to make the vehicle follow the guideway. The necessary forces are supplied in an exactly analogous fashion to the suspension forces, either attractive or repulsive. The same magnets on board the vehicle, which supply lift, can be used concurrently for guidance or separate guidance magnets can be used

EXISTING MAGLEV SYSTEMS

Testing tracks 1.San Diego, USA 2.Emsland, Germany: 3.JR-Maglev, Japan: 4.Southwest Jiaotong University, China Operational systems servicing the public 1.Shanghai Maglev Train: 2.Linimo (Tobu Kyuryo Line, Japan) : 3.Daejeon, South Korea

MAXIMUM SPEED RECORDS

1971 - West Germany - Prinzipfahrzeug - 90km/h 1971 - West Germany - TR-02 - 164km/h 1972 - Japan - ML100 - 60km/h - (manned) 1973 - West Germany - TR04 250km/h manned) 1975 - West Germany - Komet - 401.3km/h by steam rocket propulsion. (Unmanned) 1978 - Japan-307.8km/h by Supporting Rockets propulsion, made in Nissan. (Unmanned) 1978 - Japan - HSST02 - 110km/h (manned) 1979 - Japan - ML500 - 517km/h (unmanned) It succeeds in operation over 500km/h for the first time in the world. 1987 - West Germany - TR06 - 406km/h (manned) 1987 - Japan - MLU001 - 400.8km/h (manned)

MAXIMUM SPEED RECORDS cont..

1988 - West Germany - TR-06 - 412.6km/h (manned) 1989 - West Germany - TR-07 - 436km/h (manned) 1993 - Germany - TR-07 - 450km/h (manned) 1994 - Japan - MLU002N-431km/h (unmanned) 1997 - Japan - MLX01 - 531km/h (manned) 1997 - Japan - MLX01 - 550km/h (unmanned) 1999 - Japan - MLX01 - 548km/h (unmanned) 1999 - Japan - MLX01 - 552km/h (manned/Five formation). Guinness authorization. 2003 - Germany - TR-08 - 501km/h (manned) 2003 - Japan - MLX01 - 581km/h (manned/Three formation). Guinness authorization

APPLICATION INFORMATION
Safety Maintenance Economic Efficiency Environment Comfort Noise Accidents In Japan test train was completely consumed in a fire. On August 11, 2006 a fire broke out on the Shanghai commercial Transrapid, shortly after leaving the terminal. On September 22, 2006 an elevated Transrapid train collided with a maintenance vehicle on a test run in Lathen (Lower Saxony / north-western Germany). Twenty-three people were killed and ten were injured

FUTURE EXPANSIONS
In the far future Maglev technology are hoped to be used to transport vast volumes of water to far regions at a greater speed eliminating droughts. Far more, space is an open door to maglev trains to propel space shuttle and cargo into space at a lower cost. Artists illustration of StarTram, a magnetically levitated low-pressure tube, which can guide spacecraft into the upper atmosphere.

FUTURE EXPANSIONS cont.

Scientists hope future technologies can get the train to operate at a 1000km/h, since theoretically the speed limit is limitless. But still its a long way to go. Toshiba Elevator and Building Systems Corp. have developed the worlds first elevators controlled by magnetic levitation available in 2008.Using maglev technology capable of suspending objects in mid-air through the combination of magnetic attraction and repulsion they promise quieter and more comfortable travel at up to 300m per-minute.

CONCLUSION
Its no longer science fiction, maglev trains are the new way of transportation in the near future, just some obstacles are in the way, but with some researches nothing is impossible. With no engine, no wheels, no pollution, new source of energy, floating on air, the concept has taken tens of years to develop, just recently its true capacities has been realized. Competing planes with speed, boats with efficiency, traditional trains with safety, and cars with comfort, it seems like it isn't a fair fight...

REFERENCES
www.howstuffswork.com www.21stcenturyscience.com www.wikipedia.org www.american_almanc.tripod.com

Thank You..

Questions????