Instructional Design Postcards

Helen Miller | EdTech 503 | Dr. Jarek Janio | Fall 2010

Table of Contents 3-4 | History of Instructional Design (ID) 5-6 | Definition of ID 7-8 | Systematic 9-10 | Guiding Models 11-12 | ASSURE 13-14 | PIE 15-16 | Bates 17-18 | Dorsey, Goodrum and Schwen 19-20 | Smith & Ragan 21-22 | Dick, Carey and Carey 23-24 | Constructivism 25-26 | Empiricism 27-28 | Behaviorism 29-30 | Information Processing Theory 31-32 | ID and Education Technology 33 | Works Cited

Instructional design began in during World War II when experts in the field of education and training were called on to create training materials for the military. The toy soldiers in the photo represent the military for which the field of instructional design began.

photo credit: Toy Soldiers

Instructional design is use of research based principles, systems and models to create materials for learning. The photo is an instructional diagram meant to warn people not to dive into an empty pool. It's an example of instructional design.

photo credit: Helen Miller

Systematic refers to the research based plans or methods that are used in instructional design. A systematic approach is used in ID because it lays out a blueprint for the designer to follow when designing instruction. The image represents a system being used to create a consistent product.

photo credit: Systematic

Guiding models are meant to help simplify complex ideas. They provide a way for the designer to "visualize, direct and manage processes for creating high quality instruction" (Gustafan & Branch, 2002). The photo is a model airplane which simplifies the complexity of an actual airplane.

photo credit: Model Plane

ASSURE is an acronym for Analyze learners, State objectives, Select media, Utilize media, Require learner participation, Evaluate and revise. ASSURE was created by Heinich, Molenda, Russell and Smaldino, this model mainly focuses on the use of media and materials used in classroom instruction. As this is a classroom-oriented model I chose to use an image of teachers teaching.

photo credit: Teachers

The PIE model was introduced by Newby, Stepich, Lehman and Russell in 2000. PIE is an acronym for Planning, Implementation and Evaluating. The PIE model supports learnercentered instruction as opposed to teachercentered instruction. The image is of pies...

photo credit: Pies

The Bates model focuses on a four phase system he calls front-end system design. The Bates model is a student-centered approach that focuses on choosing appropriate tools and technology for the course. The image represents distance and refers to a distance learning approach in instructional design.

photo credit: Distance photo credit: Helen Miller

The Dorsey, Goodrum and Schwen Model looks at instructional designfrom the perspective that the designer is not the overarching expert but a collaborator with the end-users to create instruction.

The image represents collaboration among different people to create a product or a circle.

photo credit: Collaborate

The Smith and Ragan model is a systematic three phase approach. The three phases include an analysis of the learners and learning environment and learning task, Determining a strategies for organization, delivery and Management and the evaluation of the instruction. The image of three fingers represents the three phases of analysis, strategy and evaluation.

photo credit: Three

The Dick, Carey and Carey model is described as the standard in Instructional design. This model focuses on the interrelatedness of the learning materials, instruction, learners and learning environment. The image is a piece of a woven basket. This represents how the Dick, Carey and Carey model weave the parts of instruction together.

photo credit: Woven

Constructivism is the learning theory which states that reality is constructed by the learner rather then discovered (Smith & Ragan, 2005). The blocks in the photo represent the reality which the learner constructs.

photo credit: Blocks

Empiricism is the learning philosophy that all knowledge is gained through experience. The old man in the photo represents a lifetime of experience and thus knowledge.

photo credit: Old Man

Behaviorism is the learning theory which states that learning is evident when students show the proper response to a particular stimulus. The light bulb in the photo represents the change of behavior that occurs when new knowledge is attained.

photo credit: Light Bulb

Information Processing Theory is a cognitive theory built on the idea that learning is the process of information transformations in the brain. The butterfly represents the ultimate in transformations seen in nature.

photo credit: Helen Miller

I believe the relationship between instructional design and education technology is one in which the designer uses technology as a tool to create, enhance, and communicate instruction to the learner. Technology creates tools by which the designer can analyze, create and evaluate instruction that promotes the transfer of learning. The image of the abacus represents one of the earliest education technologies.

photo credit: Abacus

Works Cited

Gustafan, K.L., & Branch, R. M. (2002). Survey of Instructional Development Models. Syracuse, NY: ERIC Clearinghouse Smith, P., & Ragan, T. (2005). Instructional design (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons