COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING , KOCHI DIVISION OF ELECTRONICS

ECE BATCH-A SEMESTER 7 ROLL NO: 04

Presented by

AJUNRAJ M.

PART I ......LED-Introduction & Working

PART II.Wireless LED Communication

PART III.Study on optimal No. of LED lightings

LED stands for Light Emitting Diode

When LED is forward biased , electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device releasing energy in the form of photons.

Injection electroluminescence is an optical phenomenon and electrical phenomenon in which a material emits light in response to the passage of an electric current .
Direct band gap semi-conductor The band gap is called "direct" if the momentum of electrons and holes is the same in both the conduction band and the valence band then an electron can directly emit a photon.

Direct & Indirect band gap

Homojunction = a p-n junction made out of two differently doped semiconductors that are of the same material (i.e having the same band gap).

Heterojunction = junction formed between two different band gaps semiconductors.

Heterostructure device = semiconductor device structure that has junctions between different bandgap materials.

1.

2.

Shallow p-region narrow to allow photons to escape without reabsorption. If the p-region is too shallow, electrons can escape the pregion by diffusion and recombine through crystal defect in the surface of the layer. This recombination is non-radiative and decreases the efficiency of the LED. Thick pregion then reabsoprtion will be the main problem as the photons will have a long way to go before can be successful emitted. Create a heterojunction instead since heterojunction solves: Reabsoption problem (photon confinement) Also carrier confinement

Epoxy
Metal contact n AlGaAs p GaAs (active region)

p Al GaAs n+ GaAs Metal contact

Source of electrons Active region (micron in thickness) Source of holes

Active region (thin layer of GaAs) has smaller band gap, energy of photons emitted is smaller than the band gap of the P and N-GaAlAs hence could not be reabsorbed.

PN junction diode in forward bias, the electron-hole recombination leads to photon emission

Use of AlGaAs , AlInGaP and AlGaInN materials Modulate light waves for communication purposes Concurrent use of LEDs for lighting and communication ; known as iLight. Fast switching LEDs for free space communication.

Traffic information systems using LED traffic lights A combination of vehicle information and traffic communication system. It can act as a enormous source of information Communication by Line-Of-Sight Viewing angle 180 degree Low power and long life.

 Photo detector circuit Data reproducing circuit Integrator and Envelope Detector Band-Pass filter Power amplifier

BER decreases as luminance increases BER increases with seperation between TxR and RxR

LEDs and photo detectors capable of high-speed operation are available at low cost. The visible spectral region is unregulated worldwide and FCC licenses are not necessary, as the commission does not regulate the visible light frequencies. Both IR and visible light penetrate through glasses, but not through walls. For transmission to be possible there must be no obstructions standing in the way of the visible-LED light beam as it requires a clear LOS between the sending side (LED) and the receiving side. Like microwaves, visible-LED light beams follow a straight-line path and are well suited for the wireless delivery of large quantities of voice and data information. In practical use, one should take the advantage of this highly directional feature of LEDs. High directional features of LEDs.

They are suitable for short range only, as the photo-detector current is proportional to the received power. Intensity modulation with direct detection seems the only practical transmission method. It should also be mentioned that the relationship between the radiant intensity and the distance from the receiver follows the inverse square law. Hence, as a communication medium, it has limited range. It is subjected to noise arising from sunlight,incandescent lighting,and fluorescent lighting. It is not suitable for broadcasting signals over a wide coverage area or over long ranges.

 In traffic lights

In traffic information systems

In museum & libraries
Office networking

A Study of Shadowing on Indoor Visible Light Wireless Communication utilizing White LED Lightings

The luminous intensity in angle phi is given by

LAMBERTION PATTERN The illuminance of light is standardized by International Organization for Standardization (ISO). By this standard, illumination of 300 to 1500 lx is required for office work.

Illuminance of LED lighting

The performance of outage call duration rate and blocking rate are improved by 3 led lightings.

In short, we can say that visible light wireless communication system is dynamic and robust. High brightness LEDs are getting more popular and are opening up a number of new applications, especially with the improved efficiency and new colors. It can be considered the future of wireless communication.

S. Nakamura, Present performance of InGaN based blue/ green/ yellow LEDs, Proc. Of SPIE Conf. On Light Emitting Diodes: Research, Manufacturing, and Application, vol.3002, San Jose, CA, pp. 24-29, 1992. Y. Tanaka, et al., Indoor Visible Light Transmission System Utilizing White LED Lights, IEICE Trans. On Communication, vol. E86-B, no.8, pp. 24402454, Aug. 2003. T. Komine, et al., Fundamental Analysis for Visible-Light Communication System using LED Lights, IEEE Trans. On Consumer Electron., vol. 50, no.1, pp. 100-107, Feb. 2004. F.R. Gfeller, et al. Wireless in house data communication via diffuse infrared radiation, Proc. IEEE, vol. 67, pp. 1474-1486, Nov. 1979. A.P. Tang, et al., Wireless Infrared Communication Links Using Multi- Beam Transmitters and Imaging Receivers, Proc. ICC 96, pp. 180-186, Jun. 1996. A. Sato, et al., Effects of Shadowing on Non-Directed LOS Indoor Infrared Wireless Systems with Site Diversity, Proc. VTC-Spring, Vol. 2, pp. 15501554, May 2000.

Lambert's cosine law : Radiant intensity observed from a Lambertian surface is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle between the observer's line of sight and the surface normal.

Emitted power from a given area element is reduced by the cosine of the emission angle, the apparent size (solid angle) of the observed area, as seen by a viewer, is decreased by a corresponding amount.

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