WRITING PROJECT REPORT WORKSHOP

FORMAT OF PROPOSAL / THESIS WRITING

Prepared By:

Lecturer of Electrical Engineering Department July 2011

Normala Binti Rahmat

ARRANGEMENT A GOOD PROJECT REPORT

The arrangement of a good project report is the following:
Title Authentication / Declaration Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Contents List of Figures List of Table Chapter Topic 1 : Introduction Topic 2 : Literature Review Topic 3 : Methodology Topic 4 : Results (Findings and Data Analysis) and Discussion Topic 5 : Conclusion and Recommendation Topic 6 : References Appendices

TITLE PAGE
The requirements for good titles are the following: 1. The title should indicate the topic of the study. 2. The title should indicate the scope of the study (i.e. neither overstating nor understating its significance).

3. The title should be self-explanatory to readers in the chosen area.

TITLE: DISTRIBUTED 68000 MICROPROCESSORS USING CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK (CANBUS)

TITLE PAGE
Consists of Title Author/candidate Purpose (Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ) Month and Year of submission

DISTRIBUTED 68000 MICROPROCESSORS USING CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK (CANBUS)

NAME MUHAMMAD ADLIE B ABDUL RAHMAN SAMSUL B OTHMAN ZULFAHMI B MOHAMED RIDUAN REGISTRATION NO. 16DET07F043 16DET07F045 16DET07F047

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH JANUARI 2010

DISTRIBUTED 68000 MICROPROCESSORS USING CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK (CANBUS)

NAME MUHAMMAD ADLIE B ABDUL RAHMAN SAMSUL B OTHMAN

REGISTRATION NO. 16DET07F043 16DET07F045

ZULFAHMI B MOHAMED RIDUAN

16DET07F047

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH

JANUARI 2010

DISTRIBUTED 68000 MICROPROCESSORS USING CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK (CANBUS)

NAME
MUHAMMAD ADLIE B ABDUL RAHMAN SAMSUL B OTHMAN ZULFAHMI B MOHAMED RIDUAN

REGISTRATION NO.
16DET07F043 16DET07F045 16DET07F047

This report is presented to Electrical Engineering Department to half of term and condition for be awarding Diploma in Electronic Engineering ii

AUTHENTICATION OF REPORT PROJECT

I admit that I had this report and from my opinion this report is complete and fulfill from aspect scope and quality to be awarding Diploma in Electronic Engineering Checked By: Supervisor Name : Puan Normala Binti Rahmat Signature Date Coordinator : :

Confirmed By: : Puan Siti Rohani Binti Abu Bakar Signature Date iii : :

We admit that this report is made by us except information and summary that we already explain the source

Signature Writer Name 1 Registration No. Signature

: : : :

_____________________

_____________________

Writer Name 2
Registration No. Signature Writer Name 3 Registration No. Date iv

:
: : : : : _____________________

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Basically to thank and acknowledge anyone God, your parents, wife, children, friends, and DEFINITELY SUPERVISOR/S!
`Thank you, `for providing the opportunity, `would not be possible without, Do not look for trouble- its not for criticising ! Can also have dedication Dont over do it! One line per person.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to express my thanks and greatest gratitude to Merciful God, Allah S.W.T. as for his blessings and mercy for giving me strength, spirit, ideas and miracle for completing this project report. Even though there are times when Im down and lost of spirit. You are always there for me to pray and asked for help no matter where or when. Thank you, God.
Next, I would like to express my thanks, gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor, the beloved Puan Normala binti Rahmat for her guidance with her expertise to finish my project report. Not forgotten, thanks also to all Diploma in Electric Engineering student Department of Electrical Engineering for their guidance, advice and patient in accomplishing this project report. Without their support, knowledge, experience and interest, I wouldnt be able to finish this project report. Thanks also to all of my classmates for being helpful on teaching, cooperation and moral support along these three incredible years in completing my study. Thank you.

LIST OF contentS

The table of contents page is titled CONTENTS. The table of contents includes headings,references and appendices. The headings are numbered and have possible subsections (as in the text) in the table of contents. There is no full stop after the last digit. After the table of contents write a list of figures and a list of tables.

LIST OF CONTENTS

Very important
Only done AFTER you finalise your content.

If not, it will be messy and confusing.

Microsoft Word can generate it automatically.

But all your documents must have proper heading, rules.

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List of Figures, Tables, appendices

Straight forward 3 important components

Figure/Table, Title, Page Not included in List of Contents

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ABBREVIATIONS

Especially useful for chemistry-related research Examiner can be quite particular about this

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ABSTRACT

An abstract is written in English and Bahasa Malaysia and its maximum length is one page. The abstract should be written last and it should completely summarise the essence of the report. It usually is a synopsis of the four sections of the thesis: introduction (the main aims), materials and methods, results, and discussion. The abstract should never include any information that is not stated in the paper. The text should be written in full sentences.

No abbreviations, tables or figures are used in the abstract.

ABSTRACT

If the report/thesis is confidential, this should be mentioned in the abstract. Potential readers use the abstract to see whether it is necessary or worthwhile to read the whole study. The abstract is independent: the reader has to catch the idea without reading the whole report. Skilful use of connectors, such as however, first, second, then, finally, thus, for example, furthermore, in addition, in conclusion,consequently, etc. makes the abstract more fluent and coherent.

An abstract can be just one paragraph or separated into a few paragraphs, each paragraph being, however, longer that one sentence.

Common mistakes

Not well balanced- A good abstract must clearly define purpose, approach, results, interpretation, conclusion
Bad English Inconsistency with content! (bad!!) Inconsistency between English and Bahasa version Read journals to be familiar with writing style
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INTRODUCTION

Should be written first, but yet, checked regularly

This is where you justify why Your field is important Your area is important Your topic is very important! How wide? Depends on your title Bad introduction results in `bad mood examiners
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INTRODUCTION

In the introduction state briefly why the report has been written. But remember, only essential is important, as stated by Frank Pappa. It is widely recognised that writing introductions is slow, troublesome and difficult. This is normally the last part of the report you write.

INTRODUCTION

Introductions typically are written using the following pattern: Move 1: Establishing a research area a) by showing that the research area is important, central, interesting or problematic in some way b) by introducing items of previous research in the area (background for the study)

INTRODUCTION

Move 2: Establishing the aim of the study

State the research problems, methods and the main conclusions. The following phrases can be used in introductions when introducing the aim of the study:
a)

b) c) d)

e) f)

g) h)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of ...on... This project is designed to... The primary purpose of this study is to determine... This study is an attempt to examine the influence of ...on... The objectives of this study are to... This study has two major purposes: (1) to demonstrate whether or not... The major objective of this study is... A bad beginning makes a bad ending (Euripides)

BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH/project

Explanation about a previous research / project done according or related to the topic we done now. What their results they get and what we want to do regarding the results. Usually we want to improve it to get better outcomes.

Controller Area Network (CANbus) was originally developed for instrumentations in cars. Due to its ruggedness and proven reliability, it has been adapted in other applications such as robotics, medical equipments, photocopy machines, etc. In this project, a prototype of CANbus system will be developed using 68000 microprocessors and off-the-shelf CAN controller.

Problem statement

Explanation about situation happen that attracted us to do the research or project. So our research or project is to solve the problem occur.

The recent research are proven the Controller Area Network (CANbus) was originally developed for instrumentations in cars are ruggedness and reliability. So it has been adapted in many applications such as robotics, medical equipment, photocopy machines, etc. So in this project, the capability and reliability of CANbus will be applied to the three or four microprocessor 68000 board to make its will be able communicated each other by using CAN as the bus.

objectives

Explanation on the purposes as well as the aims of the project.

The objective of this research are: To determine the capability and reliability of the \ CANbus to distributed 68000 microprocessors. To understand how to configure the microprocessor 68000 to handle CAN signal. To develop prototype of CAN Bus system by using at least three 68000 microprocessor board and off-theshelf CAN controller.

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Research / project Scope

This section explain the scope research/project and what is their limitation. We must explain the scope or limitation so our research or project not very wide and to make sure our research or project achieve the goals.

Research / project Scope

Literature review

This part of the paper is very important, because here you present your theory part and its connection to the empirical part. The literature to be studied should be essential to the research task. Different literature, such as books, articles, and research reports, can be used, as well as interviews.

In the theory part, terms crucial to the study should be clarified and different views, research results and remarkable researchers in the area should be introduced.

Literature review

Provide Background Past findings: describe what others have done in order to set bench mark for your current project Current issues/knowledge Please understand the literature. Do not cut and paste or simply copy without understanding what it means. Your duty is to edit, paraphrase. Figures maybe useful. You may adapt or directly use existing figures.
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CITATIONS / Reference TECHNIQUES

CITATIONS / Reference TECHNIQUES

CITATIONS / Reference TECHNIQUES

CITATIONS / Reference TECHNIQUES

CITATIONS / Reference TECHNIQUES

CITATIONS / Reference TECHNIQUES

CITATIONS / Reference TECHNIQUES

methodology

The methods section describes, in various degrees of detail, the methodology, materials and procedures, which should be described in such detail that another researcher would be able to repeat your procedure. You must be concise, yet you must not omit essential methods.

If you have used many methods, describe them in chronological order.

Do not describe the results in this part.

Methodology

Straight forward Describe your methodology Including description of chemicals, location, equipment, sample size, assay flow, etc Should be clear enough for future reference by others Very common steps should be avoided Tables, figures and at times, pictures maybe useful
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RESULTS (findings and data analysis)

The results section is naturally very important, since it is there that the reader can read about your findings. However, remember the KISS-principle also in this section. Using figures and tables, will help clarify your findings. In the results section, the findings are described, accompanied by various amounts of commentary.

RESULTS (findings and data analysis)

The findings are usually commented on and discussed after each research problem. Comments are either generalised based on the results, the reason for the findings is explained or the findings are compared with the results of some other studies.

RESULTS (findings and data analysis)

Phrases related to the results section:

When the data were analysed according to..., it was found that... There were no significant differences in ... among the three groups as measured by... It was concluded that... Contrary to prediction... Also investigated were the relationships between... ...was not found to be a statistically significant factor Further analysis of Task B revealed that... It was observed, contrary to existing theories, that... These data support the view that... The main findings were...

RESULTS (findings and data analysis)

When summarising and discussing your results, use phrases like

In sum, In summary, To sum up, To conclude, To put it briefly, In brief,

RESULTS (findings and data analysis)

Please arrange them in orderly fashion, according to your methodology flow. Experiments 1.1 = Results 1.1; Experiment 1.2 = Results 1.2;

Learn to elaborate on your results, but dont over do it! Only discuss what is relevant to YOUR objectives

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Tables and Figures in the results

5 golden rules : Must have proper title. Title of tables shall be above and of figures below.

A table or figure must be possible to read and understand in itself without reading the text. Must have explanation- stastistical markings, etc Must be seen clearly- not too crowded Must be discussed in text- not orphan tables or figures Must be in EITHER Table or Figure
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Tables and Figures in the results

O ny ch ot he m is te st ac ea ru m ip la x et ac r M

100

120

140

20

40

60

80

od

O rth ch ry H si el s io go m ph us M ac ro m ia Is ch nu Ep ra op ht ha M eg lm al ia og om Li ph be us ll a go lin ea ta ?? ? C op er a

Nov Dec Jan Feb

Si eb

Figure 4. Distribution and abundance of Odonata in Sungai Serdang during November, December 2002 and January, February 2003.
ol di us am ar ch a Ve st Bu al rm is ? ag C ro om co ph th us em is se M rv ac ilia ro go m ph us Po t

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(a) Pseudagrion microcephalum

3000
-2

Saleh River Setul River Serdang River

Number of individuals m

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Nov Dec Jan Feb Mac Apr May Jun Jul Aug

Sep

Oct

(b) Onychothemis testacea

1200 Saleh River Setul River 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Nov Dec Jan Feb Mac Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Serdang River

Figure 1. Distribution of (a) Pseudagrion microcephalum and (b) Onychothemis testacea in Saleh, Setul and Serdang rivers in the Kerian River Basin
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Number of individuals m

-2

-2

Number of individuals m

1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 Nov Dec Jan Feb M arch Apr M ay June St at ion 3 July Aug Sept Oct

St at ion 1

St at ion 2

Figure 2. Comparison of Odonata composition in Serdang (upper) and Setul (lower) rivers in the Krian River Basin, Perak. 60

Novem ber 2002

February 2003

May 2003

Number of individuals

Number of individuals

60 40 20 0

Setul River Serdang River

60 40 20 0 F-7 F-6 F-5 F-4 F-3 F-2 F-1 F

Number of individuals

60 40 20 0 F-7 F-6 F-5 F-4 F-3 F-2 F-1

June 2003

F-7 F-6 F-5 F-4 F-3 F-2 F-1

Decem ber 2002

March 2003
Number of individuals

Number of individuals

Number of individuals

60 40 20 0 F-7 F-6 F-5 F-4 F-3 F-2 F-1 F

60 40 20 0 F-7 F-6 F-5 F-4 F-3 F-2 F-1

April 2003 60 40 20 0 F-7 F-6 F-5 F-4 F-3 F-2 F-1 F

60 40 20 0 F-7 F-6 F-5 F-4 F-3 F-2 F-1 F

January 2003
Number of individuals

July 2003
Number of individuals

60 40 20 0 F-7 F-6 F-5 F-4 F-3 F-2 F-1 F

Number of individuals

60 40 20 0 F-7 F-6 F-5 F-4 F-3 F-2 F-1 F

Figure 3. Distribution of larval instars of Onychothemis testacea over November 2002 to July 2003 61 in Serdang River, Serdang, Kedah

200 180

(a) Station 1

Number of individuals m-2

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Nov Dec Jan Feb Mac Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

(b) Sta tion 2

180 160

Number of individuals m

-2

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Nov Dec Jan Feb Mac A pr May Jun Jul A ug Sep Oct

TOO CROWDED
(c) Station 3

180 160
-2 Number of individuals m

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Nov Dec Jan Feb Mac Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

P.m icrocephalum B.divaricatus

N.chinens is O.tes tecea

L.lineata M.s hanens is

P.caprinicornis

Figure 5. Distribution of larvae of major Odonata taxa in different stations of Setul River in the Kerian River Basin 30 62

Production of multiple shoots of Cymbopogon nardu

in MS medium + B(0-0.5 mg/L) + IBA (0-0.5 mg/L) after nine weeks of culturing

25 20

*
IBA=0 IBA=0.1 IBA=0.3 IBA=0.5

No. of shoots

15 10 5 0 0

0.1

0.3

0.5

BA (mg/L)

Wrong format and incomplete; * - not explained

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Effect of 2,4-D on cell suspension culture of Cymbopogon nardus

min increased in biomass (g)
0.6
b 0.5 b bc cd cde e

weight

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 2

10

concentration of 2,4-D (mg/L)

Wrong format, letters in figures not explained

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Results & DISCUSSION

The discussion part is the most difficult section. Avoid summarising your results. You may, however, mention them, at least the most important of them, or you can refer to the information relayed in such areas as in tables or figures.

If you can provide the answers to your research problems, it facilitates discussion.

Results and DISCUSSION

Discussions should be more than summaries. They should go beyond the results. It means that in the discussion section you should look at your study and findings as a whole.

Results & DISCUSSION

Typically, a series of points are presented in the discussion section:

Move 1 Points to consolidate your research area Move 2 Points to indicate the limitations of your study Move 3 Points to identify useful areas of further research.

The following parts are to be included in discussions:

refer to the aim of the study explain the most important results, also the unexpected ones compare the results with earlier research results think over the generalising of the results think over practical implications and further research

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Provide summary of the main findings of the dissertation List the contribution of the work Give direction for further research Write this chapter with a punchy (forceful argument) style and should not be too long Present conclusions and contributions concisely and factually
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Useful phrases to be used in the conclusion part:

To put it in a nutshell, ... In short, there appears to be... I would like to suggest two conclusions before leaving this point:... We are now returning to the topic we started to explore:... For now, let us summarise the major line of the argument... This study also raises several questions that might be addressed in future research. Further research is needed to determine the precise effect of such training.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 Conclusion. In this project development of prototype of CAN bus system concept by using 68HC11A8 microcontroller and SJA 1000 as the off-the-shelf CAN controller was successfully develop. The product has been successfully tested through the simulation processes. The ruggedness of the product has been proven through differences types of input condition in the simulation process. The effectiveness of the product was successfully proven when the objective of research were achieve through the simulation process. This chapter provides the summary and potential research work applicable for this project.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.2 Future research. The demonstrator only focuses on the transmission of BasicCAN (11 identifier), research can be done in extended data frame format (CAN Version 2.0B) and also in manipulating the transmission of error frame in demonstrating the error confinement specified by the CAN module. Further research can also be done in manipulating the acceptance filter in the node; such that it will receive messages from more than one node. This project can be improve by make further studies to make two ways communication or serial parallel communication mode. The effect of the node identifier assignment in resolving the collisions happening in the network-bus and for prioritization purpose can also be further investigated. This might result in a pattern for node identifier assignment in a CAN system, which might ease the designers work in assigning the node identifier in a network. This project can be expanded into a specific applications purpose for example for education area to show that we can made our own CANbus system by using SJA1000 because it can work to any microprocessor or microcontroller that doesnt have CAN embedded into the chip. This is because the CAN protocol can be entirely utilized as a networking solution for distributed embedded system application.

References

Choose 1 style, be Consistent! (APA Style) No orphans Updated ones. Dont build a reference database! Use End Note! Free, training available, save time. Learn early to avoid problems!

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HOW TO WRITE Reference

HOW TO WRITE Reference

HOW TO WRITE Reference

HOW TO WRITE Reference

WRITING PROJECT REPORT WORKSHOP

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