INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING LAB

Experiment 1
AIM: Introduction to Computer, H/W, S/W, Input/output devices, Operating System, Memory, etc.

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Introduction To Computers
The term computer has been borrowed from compute that means to calculate. Initially computers were used only for arithmetic calculation at fast speed. It use in nearly every field. Computer is an electronic device that accept data as its input, processor it by doing some kinds of manipulations and produce the desired result as the output.
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C CALCULATE COMMONLY O OPERATE M P U T MEMORIZE PRINT UPDATE TABULATE OPERATING

Character wise Definition Of Computer

CONSUMES OUTSTANDIN G

E EDIT

MACHINE MEMORY PARTICULARLY POWER USED USING TRADE/TRAININ TREMENDOU G S EDUCATION ELECTRONIC S Experiment-1 4

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Functions Of Computer

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Characteristics Of Computer

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Uses Of Computer

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COMPARISION BETWEEN COMPUTER AND HUMAN

S. No. Computer 1 Human Being Computer is very fast Human being is very working. slow in comparison to computer. Computer never tires. Human being tires frequently. Computer never gets disturbed. They are always obedient. Human being can be disturbed. They can be disobedient.

2 3 4 5

Computers are reliable Human being are not and accurate. accurate and reliable Experiment-1 like a computer.

COMPARISION BETWEEN CALCULATOR AND COMPUTER Calculator Computer Calculator is made up of a Computer is made up to single piece and is small different parts (Monitor, in size. CPU, Keyboard, etc.) and is quite bigger in size. Calculator keyboard has only numeric key on it. Computer keyboard has different types of keys like numeric, alphabetic, special keys, and editing keys. Computer has large memory for calculation and other work.

Calculator has less memory for calculation.

Calculator has a small Computer has a big screen black and white screen. Experiment-1 in multi colors and black 10

COMPARISION BETWEEN CALCULATOR AND COMPUTER Calculator Computer Calculator can store a very small amount of information. Computer can store a very large amount of information.

Calculator can store data Computer can store both temporarily. numeric and non-numeric data permanently. Calculator can do simple Computer can do both calculations only. simple and complicated calculations.
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Hardware: All the devices such as keyboard, monitor, mouse, printer, cabinet, circuits, microprocessor (except CPU), floppy disk drive, hard disk drive and other storage devices constitute the hardware of a computer.

Software: A set of instructions is called a program and a set of programs is called software. Software used on computers may be of different types: (1) Application Software, (2) System Software, (3) Utility Software Application Software: Software suited for specific applications is called as application software e.g. Payroll, Banking, Life Insurance, Hospital Management, Electricity Billing, Telephone Billing, Railway/Airlines/Bus reservation, etc. System Software: Programs that control and direct the operations of the computer hardware are called as system software e.g. Compilers, Linkers, Loaders, Interpreters, Assemblers, Operating systems viz. DOS, UNIX, and Windows, etc..

Utility Software: These are the supporting software Experiment-1 13 packages e.g. MS-Word, MS-Excel, MS-Access, Oracle, etc.

Parts of Computer

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Block Diagram Of Computer

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Input Devices
Data and Instruction are entered into a computer through input device. An input device converts input data and instruction into electrical signals (binary form) that can ne accepted by the computer. There are a large variety of input devices available. The commonly used input devices are the keyboard and mouse.
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List of Input Devices

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CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The CPU is the brain of any computer system. It is also called as the nerve center of the system because it performs central control functions. All the computational, logical and operational decisions are taken here only. It contains all the circuits or the motherboard for performing the various
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 CPU consists of 3 basic parts, they are Memory Unit or Storage Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit (CU). The functions of CPU are as follows:
To store data and instructions. To control the sequence of operations. To give commands to all parts of the computer system. To carry-out processing.

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Storage/Memory Unit
Data are fed into an input storage area where they are held until ready to be processed. A working storage space is used to hold the data that is being processed and the intermediate results of such processing. An output storage area holds the final result of the processing. A program storage area holds the processing instruction.
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ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) It carries out arithmetical operations

like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It is used to test certain conditions and change the path of execution depending upon the output of testing. To compare two quantities and see which one is bigger? To decide further route.
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Control Unit (CU)

It retrieve an instruction form the processor memory. Determines the action to be taken, on being required. Directs the CPU to perform operations. Determines whether the operation was carried out properly on not. Display an error message to the user if the operation was not carried out properly through the output device.
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Memory
Any essential component of every computer is its memory. We cannot image any computer without it. Memory is used for storing both instructions to be executed and data. Memory is the location where data and instruction are stored.
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Used
Holds the data received from input device temporarily and ready it for processing. Holds data that has been processed and the intermediate results generated within. Holds the finished results of processed data, until released to output device. Holds the system software and
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Unit of Measurement of Memory Capacity

1 Bit 1 Byte 1 Kilobyte (KB) 1 Megabyte (MB) 1 Gigabyte (GB) 1 Terabyte (TB) A Binary Digit (0 or 1) 8 bit or one character 1024 bytes 1024 KB 1024 MB 1024 GB
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Output Devices
The output unit formed by the output devices attached to the computer. The output coming from the CPU is in the form of electronic binary signals, which needs conversion in some form that can be easily understood by human beings. Output that can be understand by human can be categories as :
Softcopy Hardcopy
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Booting Process
When we switch on the computer, the instructions stored in ROM are automatically executed. These instructions help the computer to load the operating system from external storage device (disk) to internal storage (ROM). This process of loading operating system from disk to ROM is called Booting Process.
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Switch ON the Computer

Automatic Execution of Instructions Stored in ROM

HARD DISK

RAM Loading of Operating System

PROCESS OF COLD BOOTING

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