7.

1 THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS IN ENERGY PRODUCTION

Respiration
A vital living process carried out by all living organisms. Living organisms require energy for various activities and living processes.

Energy is required for:

Excretion of waste products Muscle contraction which enables locomotion Cell division in which new cells are produced for growth and development Transmission of new impulses

 Absorption of digested food through active transport Active transport of biochemical substances Maintaining the body temperature (in warm-blooded animals) Synthesis of lipids, hormones, proteins and enzymes.

Respiration can be divided into 2 stages:

External respiration/ Breathing
Internal respiration/ Cellular respiration

External Respiration
Breathing A mechanical process that maintains continuous exchange of gases between the respiratory surfaces of an organism and its environment

Internal Respiration
Cellular respiration The biochemical process in which energy is made available to all living cells. This process involves the oxidation of organic molecules to release the chemical energy stored within these molecules.

What is the main substrate for cellular respiration

Glucose

Energy Production in Aerobic Respiration

2 types Cellular respiration: aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration Aerobic respiration is a process that requires a continuous supply of oxygen obtained from the air or water surrounding the organism.

Aerobic respiration
Involves the oxidation of glucose in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide, water and energy. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2+ 6H2O+ 2898kJ
Glucose oxygen carbon water dioxide energy

Releases all the available energy stored within the glucose molecules.

ATP
ATP is an direct source of energy and the main energy supply for all living cells. A large portion of energy is used to synthesis adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. ADP + phosphate + energy ATP

ATP Production during Aerobic Respiration

 Each ATP molecule consists of 3 phosphate groups and the phosphate bonds can be easily broken down to release energy. ATP ADP + phosphate + energy

Anaerobic Respiration in Cells

Is a process that breaks down glucose when there is very little or no more oxygen.

Generates little energy for the cell

Organisms that require anaerobically known as anaerobes. Eg. Bacteria and certain types of yeast.

Two forms of anaerobic respiration:

Anaerobic Respiration in Human Muscles Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast

Anaerobic Respiration in Human Muscles

During periods of prolonged physical activity, the muscles are forced to do work without enough oxygen supply.
The cells are using ATP at high rate and the lungs and the circulatory system cannot deliver sufficient oxygen to the cells for cellular respiration.

Anaerobic Respiration in Human Muscles

During periods of prolonged physical activity, the muscles are forced to do work without enough oxygen supply.
The cells are using ATP at high rate and the lungs and the circulatory system cannot deliver sufficient oxygen to the cells for cellular respiration.

 Muscle cells undergo a different type of respiration- anaerobic respiration, in which muscle cells continue to generate energy (ATP) in the absence of oxygen.
Initially, during vigorous exercise, the muscles respire aerobically.

 Soon, the muscles use up all the available oxygen. The blood cannot supply oxygen fast enough to meet their requirements. The muscles are in a state of oxygen deficiency, and an oxygen debt is incurred. the muscles obtain the extra energy from anaerobic respiration.

 During anaerobic respiration, the glucose molecules break down partially into lactic acid, instead of carbon dioxide. C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + 150 kJ
glucose lactic acid energy

Because glucose is not completely broken down, the energy released is much less than the energy during aerobic respiration.

 For every molecule of glucose, anaerobic respiration releases only 2 molecules of ATP /150kJ.
C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + 150 kJ
glucose lactic acid energy

 The accumulation of lactic acid may reach

a level of concentration which is high

enough

to

cause

muscle

cramps

tiredness breathe in deeply and

rapidly to inhale more oxygen used by

the body to oxidise the accumulated lactic

acid to carbon dioxide and water.

Oxidation of Lactic Acid

Lactic acid + O2 CO2 + water + energy A portion of the lactic acid is oxidised to produce energy. The remaining is converted into glycogen and stored in the muscle cells. The oxygen debt is paid off when all of the lactic acid is removed.

Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast

Yeast carries out anaerobic respiration under anaerobic conditions. Also known as fermentation and is catalysed by the enzyme zymase.

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 210 kJ Glucose ethanol carbon energy dioxide

Question:
Is there any commercial value of the end product of fermentation Ethanol produced during fermentation can be used in wine and beer making.

Comparison between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic Respiration Similarities Cellular respiration Involve the break down of glucose Release energy that is stored in the ATP molecules Are catalyzed by enzymes Differences O2 is present. Complete oxidation of glucose. Availability of O2 Oxidation of glucose O2 is absent. Incomplete oxidation of glucose Anaerobic Respiration

CO2, water and energy energy 38 molecules of ATP

Products of Respiration

Lactic acid &

Number of ATP molecules produced

2 molecules of ATP

Large amount of energy (2898 kJ)

Amount of Energy per mole of glucose

In all organisms:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2+ 6H2O+ 2898kJ

Chemical Equation

Small amount: 1) 210kJ (during fermentation) 2) 150kJ(during anaerobic respiration in muscle cells) In muscle cells:
C 6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + 150 kJ

Mitochondria

Place where the process takes place

Cytoplasm