PC Basics

4 Jan 2001

PC Series

PC Components
Zip Drive Digital Versatile Disk CD-Rom Hard Disk Floppy Disk Mother Board Network Card Ram Pentium II processor
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Motherboard

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PC Series

810 Chipset
A Chipset is a set of Special ICs on a Motherboard which combine a number of functions all in one set so that no special Interface Card is required 810 Chipset has built-in Hard Disk & CD Controller Serial & Parallel Ports Video Graphics Sound
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Floppy Controller USB Ports

Pentium II

Intel400 8086 80286 80386 80486 Pentium PentiumII PentiumIII PentiumIV

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PC Series

Plug & Play

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PC Series

Data Storage 1. Floppy Drive 2. Hard Disk 3. Tape Drive 4. CD-ROM 5. DVD-ROM 6. Zip Drive
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1.4 MB Data can be stored on 3.5 Floppy Drive. Still going strong Upto 60 GB Drives are available. This component works the most Upto 40 GB can be stored on DAT drives. Good for backups Upto 650 MB data can be stored. CD-R and CD-RW are also cheap Technology similar to CDs but can store upto 17 GB Like Floppy Drive. 100 MB storage
PC Series 7

Floppy Drive

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PC Series

Hard Disk

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PC Series

CD-Rom

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PC Series

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DVD

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PC Series

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Mouse
As the rubber ball moves it turns the two encoder wheels which give pulse signals which are sent to the computer The software measures these pulses and moves the cursor
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PC Series

Joystick

Similar to mouse operation moving the handles moves sensors in the encoders sending signals to computer. They have few switches also Some joysticks have force feedback for use in games

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PC Series

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Keyboard
Pressing a key generates a scan code number which is sent to the computer Depending on the language chosen the software substitutes a character

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PC Series

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Video Graphics
There are 3 methods in by any picture on the screen is made On screen or stored in files

1. ASCII Characters 2. Vector Graphics 3. Bit Map Graphics

4 Jan 2001 PC Series

Each can be single color like B/W 16 color or (CGA) 256 color or (VGA) 16 million color (SVGA)

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Vector Graphics
In this method we do not store a picture but we store the method to draw the picture. These types of graphics require less memory and can be scaled without loosing resolution This method works for most common symbols or figures which can be drawn by joining lines or points
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It does not work for photos

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Colors

Additive colors are Red Blue & Green used in Monitors

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Bit Map Graphics

16 million

256 colors

Each pixel is 24 bits Each pixel is 8 bits

Also called High color setting
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Requires a palette
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Video Graphics Card

Ram contains the frame buffer which stores the entire screen Video Controller has the Color Palette DACs for R,G,B Accelerator 2D or 3D Sync and Cursor control
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Monitor Colors

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PC Series

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Monitor
Raster Red Blue Green Resolution Color type Sync Refresh Scan type

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PC Series

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Printer Colors

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PC Series

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Dot Matrix Printer

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PC Series

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Inkjet PrinterInk is contained in

separate cartridges. CYMK (for color) Below each cartridge is a nozzle as shown When need to make a dot the relevant nozzle is heated. This makes the ink boil and a bubble is spurt out by the firing chamber. Movement of head is controlled by belt

4 Jan 2001

PC Series

Movement of paper by 24 rollers

Laser Printer

Laser light falls on a rotating mirror and then on an organic photosensitive roller (drum) By switching the laser on/off in sync with the rotating mirror generates a line of dots By moving/stepping the paper 1/600 and making the dots per line we get a 2D image.
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4 Jan 2001

PC Series

USB
Universal Serial Bus It is a high speed serial bus capable of connecting in series, keyboard, mouse, printers, scanners, cameras, etc.

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PC Series

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How PC wakes up

CPU is reset to F000 This address is for POST in the BIOS. CPU checks itself, Motherboard, RAM, all interface Cards, Hard disks, connected peripherals If above ok then copies BIOS to RAM and starts Boot Loader Boot Loader reads one record from a disk or floppy and stores it at 7C00

4 Jan 2001

The Boot Record is executed which loads the balance OS 27 PC Series

Software Basics
Any equipment that takes instructions like pressing buttons, or commands to do something requires Software For PCs we have 3 kinds of Software

1. BIOS 2. Operating System 3. Application

4 Jan 2001 PC Series

Application Operating System BIOS Hardware

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Operating System
Some Operating Systems for IBM type PCs

1. MS-DOS 2. Windows3.11 3. Window95 4. Windows98 5. WindowsME

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WindowsNT Windows2000
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Applications
There are mainly following kind of Applications Office use 1. Word Processor 2. Spreadsheet 3. Presentation 4. Database Special Software i. Publishing ii. Image Editing iii. Video Editing iv. Audio Editing v. Data Storage & Retrieval
4 Jan 2001 PC Series

Others a. Web Browser b. E-Mail c. PDF Reader d. Zip Reader e. Anti-Virus f. Commn.
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Word Processor

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PC Series

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Spreadsheet
It is believed that the real success of PCs was mainly due to development of a spreadsheet program called Lotus-1-2-3. A spreadsheet is an electronics version of a Accounts Ledger with Rows and Columns The formula function of a spreadsheet is most useful In Excel there are many more features
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PC Series

Database

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PC Series

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Disk Storage

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PC Series

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Defragmentation

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PC Series

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Disk Compression

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PC Series

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File Compression
This is a simple technique used when there is repetition of same data This kind of compression is used by ZIP programs and there is no loss of data. This works on ASCII characters. For Audio, Video, Image compression techniques are different based on human senses. They usually result in loss of data 37

4 Jan 2001

PC Series