Routing

Routing
Routing
Session Number
Presentation_ID
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Confidential
C 20.0.0.1 /24 directly connected S0/0
C 10.0.0.10 /24 directly connected E0/0
S0/0 -20.0.0.1 /24
10.0.0.1 /24
dfg. 10.0.0.10
Session Number
Presentation_ID
S0/0 -20.0.0.2 /24
R2
30.0.0.10 /24
10.0.0.10 /24
R1
30.0.0.1 /24
dfg. 30.0.0.10
Cisco Confidential
S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.2
S 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.1
S0/0 -20.0.0.1 /24
S0/0 -20.0.0.2 /24
R2
10.0.0.10 /24
30.0.0.10 /24
R1
10.0.0.1 /24
30.0.0.1 /24
dfg. 10.0.0.10
dfg. 30.0.0.10
IP route 30.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 20.0.0.2
IP route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 20.0.0.1
N/W
N/W
Session Number
Presentation_ID
N.H.
N.H.
Cisco Confidential
S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.2
S 10.0.0.0 /24 [1/0 ] via 20.0.0.1

R 10.0.0.0 /24 [120/1] via 20.0.0.1
S0/0 -20.0.0.1 /24
S0/0 -20.0.0.2 /24
R2
Router Rip
Router Rip
Net 20.0.0.0
Net 20.0.0.0
Net 10.0.0.0
Net 30.0.0.0
10.0.0.1 /24
30.0.0.10 /24
10.0.0.10 /24
R1
30.0.0.1 /24
dfg. 10.0.0.10
dfg. 30.0.0.10
IP route 30.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 20.0.0.2

Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.2
R 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 120/1 ] via 20.0.0.1

R 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 120/2 ] via 40.0.0.1
O 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 110/24567 ] via 20.0.0.1
S0/0 -20.0.0.1 /24
10.0.0.10 /24
.1
R2
.2
.2
R3
.1
10.0.0.1 /24
O 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 110/245 ] via 40.0.0.1
30.0.0.10 /24
S0/0 -20.0.0.2 /24
R1
30.0.0.1 /24
dfg. 10.0.0.10
dfg. 30.0.0.10
IP route 30.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 20.0.0.2

Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
C 40.0.0.10 /24 directly connected bri0
S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.2
S 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.1
S0/0 -20.0.0.1 /24
.1
10.0.0.1 /24
dfg. 10.0.0.10
Session Number
Presentation_ID
S0/0 -20.0.0.2 /24
R2
.2
ISDN
R3
.2
30.0.0.10 /24
10.0.0.10 /24
R1
40.0.0.0 /24
IP route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 20.0.0.1
30.0.0.1 /24
dfg. 30.0.0.10
Cisco Confidential
S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.2
S 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.1
S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 40.0.0.2
S 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 40.0.0.1
S0/0 -20.0.0.1 /24
S0/0 -20.0.0.2 /24
.1
R2
.2
ISDN
R3
.2
30.0.0.10 /24
10.0.0.10 /24
R1
40.0.0.0 /24
IP route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 20.0.0.1

IP route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 40.0.0.1
10.0.0.1 /24
dfg. 10.0.0.10
Session Number
Presentation_ID
30.0.0.1 /24
dfg. 30.0.0.10
Cisco Confidential
S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.2
S 10.0.0.0 /24 directly conn 20.0.0.1
S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 40.0.0.2
S 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 40.0.0.1
S0/0 -20.0.0.1 /24
S0/0 -20.0.0.2 /24
.1
R2
.2
ISDN
R3
.2
30.0.0.10 /24
10.0.0.10 /24
R1
40.0.0.0 /24
Best Practice
IP route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 20.0.0.1
IP route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 S0/0
10.0.0.1 /24
dfg. 10.0.0.10
Session Number
Presentation_ID
30.0.0.1 /24
dfg. 30.0.0.10
Cisco Confidential
S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.2
S 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.1
S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 40.0.0.2
S 10.0.0.0 /24 [200/0 ] via 40.0.0.1
S0/0 -20.0.0.2 /24
.1
R2
.2
ISDN
R3
.2
30.0.0.10 /24
10.0.0.10 /24
R1
S0/0 -20.0.0.1 /24
40.0.0.0 /24
IP route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 20.0.0.1
IP route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 40.0.0.1 200

10.0.0.1 /24
30.0.0.1 /24
dfg. 10.0.0.10
dfg. 30.0.0.10
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.2
S 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.1
S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 40.0.0.2
S 10.0.0.0 /24 [200/0 ] via 40.0.0.1
S0/0 -20.0.0.2 /24
.1
R2
.2
ISDN
R3
.2
30.0.0.10 /24
10.0.0.10 /24
R1
S0/0 -20.0.0.1 /24
40.0.0.0 /24
IP route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 40.0.0.1 200
10.0.0.1 /24
30.0.0.1 /24
dfg. 10.0.0.10
dfg. 30.0.0.10
IP route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 20.0.0.1 Permenant

Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
10
R1
40.0.0.0 /24
R1
50.0.0.0 /24
20.0.0.0 /24
10.0.0.0 /24
R1
R1
R1
.1
R2
60.0.0.0 /24
30.0.0.0 /24
R1
70.0.0.0 /24
R1
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
11
R1
40.0.0.0 /24
R1
50.0.0.0 /24
20.0.0.0 /24
10.0.0.1
30.0.0.0
10.0.0.1
40.0.0.0
10.0.0.1
50.0.0.0
10.0.0.1
60.0.0.0
10.0.0.1
70.0.0.0
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.0 /24
R1
R1
20.0.0.0
R1
.1
R2
60.0.0.0 /24
30.0.0.0 /24
R1
70.0.0.0 /24
R1
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
12
R1
40.0.0.0 /24
R1
50.0.0.0 /24
20.0.0.0 /24
10.0.0.1
30.0.0.0
10.0.0.1
40.0.0.0
10.0.0.1
50.0.0.0
10.0.0.1
60.0.0.0
10.0.0.1
70.0.0.0
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.0 /24
R1
R1
20.0.0.0
R1
60.0.0.0 /24
30.0.0.0 /24
R2
.1
STUB NETWORK
IP route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.1
R1
70.0.0.0 /24
R1
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
13
What is a Routing Protocol?
10.120.2.0
Routing protocols are
used between
routers to determine paths
and maintain
routing tables.
Once the path is determined a
router can route a routed
protocol.
E0
Network
Protocol
Connected
RIP
IGRP
172.16.1.0
S0
Destination
Network
10.120.2.0
172.16.2.0
172.17.3.0
Exit
Interface
172.17.3.0
E0
S0
S1
Routed Protocol: IP
Routing protocol: RIP, IGRP
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
14
Autonomous Systems: Interior or Exterior

Routing Protocols
IGPs: RIP, IGRP
EGPs: BGP
Autonomous System 100
Autonomous System 200
An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a

common administrative domain
IGPs operate within an autonomous system
EGPs connect different autonomous systems
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
15
Classes of Routing Protocols
Distance Vector
C
D
Hybrid Routing
B
A
Link State
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
16
IGP
RIP V2
D.V
EGP
RIP V1
IGRP
EIGRP
OSPF
ISIS
BGP
D.V
D.V
Adv.
D.V
L.S
L.S
D.V
D.V = Distance Vector
L.S = Link State

Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
17
R1
10.0.0.0 /24
R1
10.0.10.0 /24
10.0.0.0
10.0.20.0 /24
R1
R1
.1
10.0.30.0 /24
R1
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
18
Distance Vector Routing Protocols
B
A
C
DistanceHow far
VectorIn which direction
Routing
Table
Routing
Table
Routing
Table
Routing
Table
Pass periodic copies of routing table to neighbor

routers and accumulate distance vectors
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
19
Distance VectorSources of Information and

Discovering Routes
10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0
A
S0
Routing Table
S0
10.3.0.0
B
S1
10.4.0.0
S0
Routing Table
E0
Routing Table
10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0
S0
10.3.0.0
S0
10.2.0.0
S0
10.3.0.0
S1
10.4.0.0
E0
Routers discover the best path to

destinations from each neighbor
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
20

Discovering Routes
10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0
A
S0
Routing Table
S0
10.3.0.0
B
S1
Routing Table
10.4.0.0
S0
E0
Routing Table
10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0
S0
10.3.0.0
S0
10.2.0.0
S0
10.3.0.0
S1
10.4.0.0
E0
10.3.0.0
S0
10.4.0.0
S1
10.2.0.0
S0
10.1.0.0
S0

Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
21

Discovering Routes
10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0
A
S0
Routing Table
S0
10.3.0.0
B
S1
Routing Table
10.4.0.0
S0
E0
Routing Table
10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0
S0
10.3.0.0
S0
10.2.0.0
S0
10.3.0.0
S1
10.4.0.0
E0
10.3.0.0
S0
10.4.0.0
S1
10.2.0.0
S0
10.4.0.0
S0
10.1.0.0
S0
10.1.0.0
S0

Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
22
Distance VectorSelecting Best Route

with Metrics
A
IGRP
Bandwidth
56
Delay
RIP
Hop count
Load
T1
56
Reliability
IPX
MTU
Ticks, hop count
T1
B
Information used to select the best path for routing
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
23
Distance VectorMaintaining Routing

Information
Process to
update this
routing
table
Topology
change
causes
routing
table
update
Updates proceed step-by-step

from router to router
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
25

Information
Process to
update this
routing
table
Router A sends
out this updated
routing table
after the
next period
expires

Session Number
Presentation_ID
Topology
change
causes
routing
table
update
Cisco Confidential
26

Information
Process to
update this
routing
table
Process to
update this
routing
table
Router A sends
out this updated
routing table
after the
next period
expires

Session Number
Presentation_ID
Topology
change
causes
routing
table
update
Cisco Confidential
27
Maintaining Routing Information Problem

Routing Loops
10.1.0.0
10.2.0.0
A
E0
S0
Routing Table
10.3.0.0
S0
S1
Routing Table
10.4.0.0
S0
E0
Routing Table
10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0 S0
10.2.0.0
S0
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0 E0
10.3.0.0
S0
10.4.0.0 S1
10.2.0.0 S0
10.4.0.0
S0
10.1.0.0 S0
10.1.0.0 S0
Each node maintains the distance from itself to each possible

destination network
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
28

Routing Loops
10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0
A
S0
Routing Table
10.3.0.0
S0
S1
Routing Table
10.4.0.0
S0
E0
Routing Table
10.1.0.0 E0
10.2.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0 S0
10.2.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0 E0 Down
10.3.0.0
S0
10.4.0.0 S1
10.2.0.0
S0
10.4.0.0
S0
10.1.0.0 S0
10.1.0.0
S0
Slow convergence produces inconsistent routing
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
29

Routing Loops
10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0
A
S0
Routing Table
10.3.0.0
S0
S1
Routing Table
10.4.0.0
S0
E0
Routing Table
10.1.0.0 E0
10.2.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0 S0
10.2.0.0
S0
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0
S0
10.4.0.0
S1
10.2.0.0
S0
10.4.0.0
S0
10.1.0.0
S1
10.1.0.0
S0
Router C concludes that the best path to network

10.4.0.0 is through Router B
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
30

Routing Loops
10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0
A
S0
Routing Table
10.3.0.0
S0
S1
Routing Table
10.4.0.0
S0
E0
Routing Table
10.1.0.0 E0
10.2.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0 S0
10.2.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0
S0
10.4.0.0 S1
10.2.0.0
S0
10.4.0.0
S0
10.1.0.0 S0
10.1.0.0
S0
Router A updates its table to reflect the new but

erroneous hop count
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
31
Symptom: Counting to Infinity

10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0
A
S0
Routing Table
10.3.0.0
S0
S1
Routing Table
10.4.0.0
S0
E0
Routing Table
10.1.0.0 E0
10.2.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0 S0
10.2.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0
S0
10.4.0.0
S1
10.2.0.0
S0
10.4.0.0
S0
10.1.0.0
S0
10.1.0.0
S0
Packets for network 10.4.0.0 bounce between routers A, B, and C

Hop count for network 10.4.0.0 counts to infinity
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
32
Solution: Defining a Maximum

10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0
A
S0
Routing Table
10.3.0.0
S0
S1
Routing Table
10.4.0.0
S0
E0
Routing Table
10.1.0.0 E0
10.2.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0
S0
10.2.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0
S0
16
10.3.0.0
10.4.0.0
16
10.2.0.0
S0
S0
S1
the number
16a limit on10.1.0.0
2
10.4.0.0 Define
S0
10.1.0.0 infinite
S0 of1hops to prevent
S0
loops
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
33
Solution: Split Horizon

10.1.0.0
10.2.0.0
A
E0
S0
Routing Table
10.3.0.0
S0
S1
10.4.0.0
S0
Routing Table
E0
Routing Table
10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0
S0
10.2.0.0
S0
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0
S0
10.3.0.0
S0
10.4.0.0
10.2.0.0
S0
S1
2 about a
It is S0
never2useful to 10.1.0.0
send information
route back
10.4.0.0
E1
10.1.0.0
S0 in 2the
direction from which the original packet came
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
34
Solution: Route Poisoning

10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0
A
S0
Routing Table
10.3.0.0
S0
S1
Routing Table
10.4.0.0
S0
E0
Routing Table
10.1.0.0 E0
10.2.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0
S0
10.2.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0
10.3.0.0
10.4.0.0 S1
10.2.0.0
S0 Infinity
1
S0
S0
2 the distance
2
2
10.4.0.0
Routers
of routes
that
have gone
down
10.1.0.0
S0 set
10.1.0.0
E1
S0 to infinity
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
35
Solution: Poison Reverse

10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0
A
S0
10.3.0.0
S0
S1
10.4.0.0
S0
E0
Poison
Reverse
Routing Table
Routing Table
Routing Table
10.1.0.0 E0
10.2.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0
S0
10.2.0.0 S0
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0
10.3.0.0
S0
10.4.0.0 S1
Possibly
Down
10.2.0.0
S0 Infinity
1
S0
10.4.0.0
S0
10.1.0.0 E1
10.1.0.0
S0
Poison Reverse overrides split horizon
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
36
Solution: Hold-Down Timers
Network 10.4.0.0
is unreachable
Update after
hold-down Time
10.1.0.0
10.2.0.0
E0
S0
S0
10.3.0.0
B
S1
10.4.0.0
S0
E0
Update after
hold-down Time
Network 10.4.0.0 is down

back
up
Router keeps an entry for the network possibly then
down
state,
then
back
down
allowing time for other routers to recompute for
this
topology
change
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
37
Solution: Triggered Updates
Network 10.4.0.0
is unreachable
Network 10.4.0.0
is unreachable
10.1.0.0
E0
Network 10.4.0.0
is unreachable
10.2.0.0
A
S0
S0
10.3.0.0
B
S1
10.4.0.0
S0
E0
Router sends updates when a change in its routing table

occurs
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
38
Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes
10.4.0.0
E
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
40

(cont.)
Holddown
10.4.0.0
E
Holddown
A
Holddown
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
41

(cont.)
Holddown
Poison Reverse
D
Poison Reverse
10.4.0.0
E
Holddown
Poison Reverse
Poison Reverse
A
Holddown
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
42

(cont.)
Holddown
10.4.0.0
E
Holddown
Packet for
Network 10.4.0.0
Packet for
Network 10.4.0.0
A
Holddown
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
43

(cont.)
10.4.0.0
E
Link up!
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
44

(cont.)
10.4.0.0
E
Link up!
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
45
Link-State Routing Protocols
B
C
A
D
Link-State Packets
Topological
Database
Routing
Table
SPF
Algorithm
Shortest Path First Tree

After initial flood, pass small event-triggered link-state
updates to all other routers
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
46
Hybrid Routing
Choose a
routing path based
on distance vectors
Balanced Hybrid Routing
Converge rapidly using
change-based
updates
Share attributes of both distance-vector
and link-state routing
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
47
IP Routing
Configuration Tasks
Network 172.16.0.0
RIP
Router configuration
Select routing protocols
IGRP,
RIP
Specify networks or interfaces
IGRP
Network
160.89.0.0
RIP
Network 172.30.0.0
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
48
Dynamic Routing Configuration
Router(config)#router protocol [keyword]

Defines an IP routing protocol
Router(config-router)#network network-number
Mandatory configuration command for each
IP routing process
Identifies the physically connected network
that routing updates are forwarded to
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
49
RIP Overview
19.2 kbps
T1
T1
T1
Maximum six paths (default = 4)
Hop count metric selects the path
Routes update every 30 seconds
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
50
RIP Configuration
Router(config)#router rip
Starts the RIP routing process
Selects participating attached networks
The network number must be a major classful
network number
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
51
RIP Configuration Example
E0
172.16.1.0
S2
S2
A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
10.1.1.2
S3
B
S3
E0
C
10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
router rip 2.3.0.0

network 172.16.0.0
network 10.0.0.0
192.168.1.0
router rip 2.3.0.0

network 192.168.1.0
network 10.0.0.0
router rip
network 10.0.0.0
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
52
Verifying the Routing ProtocolRIP

E0
172.16.1.0
S2
A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
S2
10.1.1.2
S3
B
S3
E0
C
10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.0
RouterA#sh ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 0 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
Interface
Send Recv Key-chain
Ethernet0
1 12
Serial2
1 12
Routing for Networks:
10.0.0.0
172.16.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway
Distance
Last Update
10.1.1.2
120
00:00:10
Distance: (default is 120)
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
53
Displaying the
IP Routing Table
E0
172.16.1.0
S2
A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
S2
10.1.1.2
S3
B
S3
E0
C
10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.0
RouterA#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
T - traffic engineered route
Gateway of last resort is not set
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
R
10.2.2.0 [120/1] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:07, Serial2
C
10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial2
R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/2] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:07, Serial2
C
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
54
debug ip rip Command

E0
172.16.1.0
S2
A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
S2
10.1.1.2
S3
B
S3
E0
C
10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.0
RouterA#debug ip rip
RIP protocol debugging is on
RouterA#
00:06:24: RIP: received v1 update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2
00:06:24: 10.2.2.0 in 1 hops
00:06:24: 192.168.1.0 in 2 hops
00:06:33: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1)
00:06:34: network 10.0.0.0, metric 1
00:06:34: network 192.168.1.0, metric 3
00:06:34: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1)
00:06:34: network 172.16.0.0, metric 1
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
55
Introduction to IGRP
IGRP
More scalable than RIP

Sophisticated metric
Multiple-path support
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
56
IGRP Composite Metric

19.2 kbps
19.2 kbps
Source
Destination
Bandwidth
Delay
Reliability
Loading
MTU
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
57
IGRP Unequal Multiple Paths
New Route
Source
Initial
Route
Destination
Maximum six paths (default = 4)

Within metric variance
Next-hop router closer to destination
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
59
Configuring IGRP
Router(config)#router igrp autonomous-system

Defines IGRP as the IP routing protocol
Selects participating attached networks
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
60
Configuring IGRP (cont.)
Router(config-router)#variance multiplier
Control IGRP load balancing
Router(config-router)#traffic-share
{ balanced | min }
Control how load-balanced traffic is distributed
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
61
IGRP Configuration Example

Autonomous System = 100
E0
172.16.1.0
S2
S2
A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
10.1.1.2
S3
B
S3
E0
C
10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
router igrp 100

network 172.16.0.0
network 10.0.0.0
192.168.1.0
router igrp 100

network 192.168.1.0
network 10.0.0.0
router igrp 100
network 10.0.0.0
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
62
Verifying the Routing ProtocolIGRP

E0
172.16.1.0
S2
A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
S2
10.1.1.2
S3
B
S3
E0
C
10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.0
RouterA#sh ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "igrp 100"
Sending updates every 90 seconds, next due in 21 seconds
Invalid after 270 seconds, hold down 280, flushed after 630
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is
Default networks flagged in outgoing updates
Default networks accepted from incoming updates
IGRP metric weight K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0
IGRP maximum hopcount 100
IGRP maximum metric variance 1
Redistributing: igrp 100
Routing for Networks:
10.0.0.0
172.16.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway
Distance
Last Update
10.1.1.2
100
00:01:01
Distance: (default is 100)
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
63
Displaying the
IP Routing Table
E0
172.16.1.0
S2
A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
S2
10.1.1.2
S3
B
S3
E0
C
10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.0
RouterA#sh ip route
172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
I
10.2.2.0 [100/90956] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:23, Serial2
C
I 192.168.1.0/24 [100/91056] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:23, Serial2
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
64
debug ip igrp transaction Command

E0
172.16.1.0
S2
A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
S2
10.1.1.2
S3
B
S3
E0
C
10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.0
RouterA#debug ip igrp transactions

IGRP protocol debugging is on
RouterA#
00:21:06: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1)
00:21:06:
network 10.0.0.0, metric=88956
00:21:06:
network 192.168.1.0, metric=91056
00:21:07: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1)
00:21:07:
00:21:16: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2
00:21:16:
subnet 10.2.2.0, metric 90956 (neighbor 88956)
00:21:16:
network 192.168.1.0, metric 91056 (neighbor 89056)
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
65
debug ip igrp events Command

E0
172.16.1.0
S2
A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
S2
10.1.1.2
S3
B
S3
E0
C
10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.0
RouterA#debug ip igrp events

IGRP event debugging is on
RouterA#
00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1)
00:23:44: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 2 system, and 0 exterior routes.
00:23:44: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
66
Updating Routing Information Example

E0
172.16.1.0
S2
A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
S2
10.1.1.2
S3
B
S3
E0
C
10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.0
RouterA# debug ip igrp trans

00:31:15: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0, changed state to down
00:31:15: IGRP: edition is now 3
00:31:15:
network 172.16.0.0, metric=4294967295
00:31:16: IGRP: broadcasting request on Serial2
00:31:16:
subnet 10.2.2.0, metric 90956 (neighbor 88956)
00:31:16:
network 172.16.0.0, metric 4294967295 (inaccessible)
00:31:16:
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
67

(cont.)
E0
172.16.1.0
S2
A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
S2
10.1.1.2
S3
B
S3
E0
C
10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.0
RouterB#debug ip igrp trans

IGRP protocol debugging is on
RouterB#
1d19h: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.2)
1d19h:
subnet 10.2.2.0, metric=88956
1d19h:
network 192.168.1.0, metric=89056
1d19h:
1d19h:
1d19h: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.1 on Serial2
1d19h:
network 172.16.0.0, metric 4294967295 (inaccessible)
1d19h: IGRP: edition is now 10
1d19h:
1d19h:
network 172.16.0.0, metric=4294967295
1d19h:
network 192.168.1.0, metric=89056
1d19h:
1d19h:
network 172.16.0.0, metric=4294967295
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
68

(cont.)
E0
172.16.1.0
S2
A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
S2
10.1.1.2
S3
B
S3
E0
C
10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.0
RouterB#sh ip route
I 172.16.0.0/16 is possibly down, routing via 10.1.1.1, Serial2
C
C
I 192.168.1.0/24 [100/89056] via 10.2.2.3, 00:00:14, Serial3
RouterB#ping 172.16.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
.....
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
RouterB#
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
69

(cont.)
E0
172.16.1.0
S2
A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
S2
10.1.1.2
S3
B
S3
E0
C
10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.0
RouterB#debug ip igrp transactions

RouterB#
1d20h: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.1 on Serial2
1d20h:
RouterB#
RouterB#sh ip route
I
172.16.0.0/16 is possibly down, routing via 10.1.1.1, Serial2

C
C
I 192.168.1.0/24 [100/89056] via 10.2.2.3, 00:00:18, Serial3
RouterB#ping 172.16.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 32/38/48 ms
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
70
ip classless Command
Default route
E0
10.7.1.1
10.1.0.0
Router(config)#ip classless
10.2.0.0
C
C
RIP
Default
With no ip classless
Session Number
Presentation_ID
172.16.0.0
Network
Protocol
To get to 10.7.1.1:
With ip classless
S0
Destination
Network
Exit
Interface
10.1.0.0
10.2.0.0
172.16.0.0 via
0.0.0.0
E0
S0
S0
E0
Drop
Cisco Confidential
71
Visual Objective
wg_pc_a
10.2.2.12
RIP
e0/1
e0/2
e0
wg_ro_a
10.2.2.3
s0
10.140.1.2/24
wg_sw_a
10.2.2.11
wg_pc_l
10.13.13.12
ros e0
10.2.2.3
10.3.3.3
10.4.4.3
10.5.5.3
10.6.6.3
10.7.7.3
10.8.8.3
10.9.9.3
10.10.10.3
10.11.11.3
10.12.12.3
10.13.13.3
sw
10.2.2.11
10.10.10.11
10.4.4.11
10.5.5.11
10.6.6.11
10.7.7.11
10.8.8.11
10.9.9.11
10.3.3.11
10.11.11.11
10.12.12.11
10.13.13.11
RIP
e0/1
e0/2
e0
wg_ro_l
LL
10.13.13.3
s0
10.140.12.2/24
wg_sw_l
10.13.13.11
...
fa0/24
core_ server
10.1.1.1
Session Number
Presentation_ID
ros s0
10.140.1.2
10.140.2.2
10.140.3.2
10.140.4.2
10.140.5.2
10.140.6.2
10.140.7.2
10.140.8.2
10.140.9.2
10.140.10.2
10.140.11.2
10.140.12.2
pod
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
fa0/23
core_sw_a
10.1.1.2
s1/0 - s2/3
10.140.1.1/24 10.140.12.1/24
fa0/0
core_ro
10.1.1.3
Cisco Confidential
72
Visual Objective
wg_pc_a
10.2.2.12
IGRP
e0/1
e0/2
e0
wg_ro_a
10.2.2.3
s0
10.140.1.2/24
wg_sw_a
10.2.2.11
wg_pc_l
10.13.13.12
IGRP
e0/1
e0/2
ros s0
10.140.1.2
10.140.2.2
10.140.3.2
10.140.4.2
10.140.5.2
10.140.6.2
10.140.7.2
10.140.8.2
10.140.9.2
10.140.10.2
10.140.11.2
10.140.12.2
ros e0
10.2.2.3
10.3.3.3
10.4.4.3
10.5.5.3
10.6.6.3
10.7.7.3
10.8.8.3
10.9.9.3
10.10.10.3
10.11.11.3
10.12.12.3
10.13.13.3
sw
10.2.2.11
10.10.10.11
10.4.4.11
10.5.5.11
10.6.6.11
10.7.7.11
10.8.8.11
10.9.9.11
10.3.3.11
10.11.11.11
10.12.12.11
10.13.13.11
wg_ro_l
e0
LL
10.13.13.3
wg_sw_l
10.13.13.11
pod
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
s0
10.140.12.2/24
s1/0 - s2/3
...
fa0/24
core_ server
10.1.1.1
Session Number
Presentation_ID
fa0/23
core_sw_a
10.1.1.2
10.140.1.1/24 10.140.12.1/24
fa0/0
core_ro
10.1.1.3
Cisco Confidential
73
Summary
After completing this chapter, you should be able to perform
the following tasks:
Determine when to use a static or dynamic route.
Configure a static route on a Cisco Router.
Describe how distance vector routing protocols operate.
Configure the RIP and IGRP routing protocols on a Cisco router.

Use show ip route, show ip protocols, and other show and debug
commands to verify proper routing operation.
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
74
Review Questions
1. What is an advantage of using a static
rather than a dynamic route?
What is a disadvantage?
route
2. What is the advantage of using IGRP

rather then RIP? What is a possible
disadvantage?
3. To scale up to very large IP networks,

what routing protocols are recommended?
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
75
Session Number
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
76

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2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

C 20.0.0.1 /24 directly connected S0/0

C 20.0.0.2 /24 directly connected S0/0

C 10.0.0.10 /24 directly connected E0/0

C 30.0.0.10 /24 directly connected E0/0

S0/0 -20.0.0.1 /24

S0/0 -20.0.0.2 /24

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

C 20.0.0.1 /24 directly connected S0/0

C 20.0.0.2 /24 directly connected S0/0

C 10.0.0.10 /24 directly connected E0/0

C 30.0.0.10 /24 directly connected E0/0

S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.2

S 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.1

S0/0 -20.0.0.1 /24

S0/0 -20.0.0.2 /24

IP route 30.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 20.0.0.2

IP route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 20.0.0.1

C 20.0.0.1 /24 directly connected S0/0

C 20.0.0.2 /24 directly connected S0/0

C 10.0.0.10 /24 directly connected E0/0

C 30.0.0.10 /24 directly connected E0/0

S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.2

S 10.0.0.0 /24 [1/0 ] via 20.0.0.1

S0/0 -20.0.0.1 /24

S0/0 -20.0.0.2 /24

IP route 30.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 20.0.0.2

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

C 20.0.0.1 /24 directly connected S0/0

C 20.0.0.2 /24 directly connected S0/0

C 10.0.0.10 /24 directly connected E0/0

C 30.0.0.10 /24 directly connected E0/0

S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.2

R 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 120/1 ] via 20.0.0.1

S0/0 -20.0.0.1 /24

O 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 110/245 ] via 40.0.0.1

S0/0 -20.0.0.2 /24

IP route 30.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 20.0.0.2

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

C 20.0.0.1 /24 directly connected S0/0

C 20.0.0.2 /24 directly connected S0/0

C 10.0.0.10 /24 directly connected E0/0

C 30.0.0.10 /24 directly connected E0/0

C 40.0.0.10 /24 directly connected bri0

C 40.0.0.0 /24 directly connected bri0

S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.2

S 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.1

S0/0 -20.0.0.1 /24

S0/0 -20.0.0.2 /24

IP route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 20.0.0.1

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

C 20.0.0.1 /24 directly connected S0/0

C 20.0.0.2 /24 directly connected S0/0

C 10.0.0.10 /24 directly connected E0/0

C 30.0.0.10 /24 directly connected E0/0

C 40.0.0.10 /24 directly connected bri0

C 40.0.0.0 /24 directly connected bri0

S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.2

S 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 20.0.0.1

S 30.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 40.0.0.2

S 10.0.0.0 /24 [ 1/0 ] via 40.0.0.1

S0/0 -20.0.0.1 /24

S0/0 -20.0.0.2 /24