The Atom

Atomic Number and Mass

Number
Isotopes

LecturePLUS Timberlake 1
 Atomic Theory

Atoms are building blocks of elements

Similar atoms in each element
Different from atoms of other elements
Two or more different atoms bond in simple
ratios to form compounds
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 Subatomic Particles

Particle Symbol Charge Relative

Mass

Electron e- 1- 0

Proton p+ + 1

Neutron n 0 1

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Location of Subatomic Particles

10-13 cm
electrons

protons
nucleus neutrons

10-8 cm LecturePLUS Timberlake 4

Atomic Number

Counts the number

of
protons
in an atom

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 Periodic Table

Represents physical and chemical

behavior of elements
Arranges elements by increasing atomic
number
Repeats similar properties in columns
known as chemical families or groups

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 Periodic Table
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

11
Na

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Atomic Number on the Periodic
Table

Atomic Number
11
Symbol
Na
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 All atoms of an element have
the same number of protons

11 protons
11
Sodium
Na
LecturePLUS Timberlake 9
 Learning Check AT 1
State the number of protons for atoms of each
of the following:
A. Nitrogen
1) 5 protons 2) 7 protons 3) 14 protons
B. Sulfur
1) 32 protons 2) 16 protons 3) 6 protons

C. Barium
1) 137 protons 2) 81 protons 3) 56 protons
LecturePLUS Timberlake 10
 Solution AT 1
State the number of protons for atoms of each
of the following:
A. Nitrogen
2) 7 protons
B. Sulfur
2) 16 protons

C. Barium
3) 56 protons
LecturePLUS Timberlake 11
 Number of Electrons

An atom is neutral

The net charge is zero
Number of protons = Number of electrons
Atomic number = Number of electrons

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 Mass Number

Counts the number

of
protons and neutrons
in an atom

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 Atomic Symbols

Show the mass number and atomic number

Give the symbol of the element

mass number
23
Na sodium-23
11
atomic number

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 More Atomic Symbols

16 31 65
O P Zn
8 15 30

8 p+ 15 p+ 30 p+
8n 16 n 35 n
8 e- 15 e- Timberlake
LecturePLUS 30 e- 15
 Isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons,

but different numbers of neutrons.
Atoms of the same element (same atomic
number) with different mass numbers
Isotopes of chlorine
35
Cl 37
Cl
17 17

chlorine - 35 chlorine - 37
LecturePLUS Timberlake 16
 Learning Check AT 2
Naturally occurring carbon consists of three
isotopes, 12C, 13C, and 14C. State the number of
protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of
these carbon atoms.
12
C 13
C 14
C
6 6 6

#P _______ _______ _______

#N _______ _______ _______
#E _______ _______
LecturePLUS Timberlake _______ 17
 Solution AT 2

12
C 13
C 14
C
6 6 6

#P __6___ _ 6___ ___6___

#N __6___ _ _7___ ___8___

#E __6___ _ 6___ ___6___

LecturePLUS Timberlake 18
 Learning Check AT 3
An atom of zinc has a mass number of 65.

A. Number of protons in the zinc atom

1) 30 2) 35 3) 65

B. Number of neutrons in the zinc atom

1) 30 2) 35 3) 65

C. What is the mass number of a zinc isotope

with 37 neutrons?
1) 37 2) 65
LecturePLUS Timberlake
3) 67 19
 Solution AT 3
An atom of zinc has a mass number of 65.

A. Number of protons in the zinc atom

1) 30
B. Number of neutrons in the zinc atom
2) 35

C. What is the mass number of a zinc isotope

with 37 neutrons?
3) 67
LecturePLUS Timberlake 20
 Learning Check AT 4

Write the atomic symbols for atoms with

the following:

A. 8 p+, 8 n, 8 e- ___________

B. 17p+, 20n, 17e- ___________

C. 47p+, 60 n, 47 e- ___________
LecturePLUS Timberlake 21
 Solution AT 4

16
O
8
A. 8 p+, 8 n, 8 e-

B. 17p+, 20n, 17e- 37

Cl
17

C. 47p+, 60 n, 47 e- 107
Ag
47
LecturePLUS Timberlake 22
 Learning Check AT 5
An atom has 14 protons and 20 neutrons.
A. Its atomic number is
1) 14 2) 16 3) 34
B. Its mass number is
1) 14 2) 16 3) 34
C. The element is
1) Si 2) Ca 3) Se

D. Another isotope of this element is

1) 34
X 2) 34
X 3) 36
X
16 14 14
LecturePLUS Timberlake 23
 Solution AT 5
An atom has 14 protons and 20 neutrons.
A. It has atomic number
1) 14

B. It has a mass number of

3) 34

C. The element is
1) Si
D. Another isotope of this element would be
3) 36X
LecturePLUS Timberlake 24
14
 Masses of Atoms
A scale designed for atoms gives their small
atomic masses in atomic mass units (amu)
An atom of 12C was assigned an exact mass of
12.00 amu
Relative masses of all other atoms was
determined by comparing each to the mass of
12
C
An atom twice as heavy has a mass of 24.00
amu. An atom half as heavy is 6.00 amu. 25
LecturePLUS Timberlake
 Atomic Mass
Na
22.99
Listed on the periodic table
Gives the mass of “average” atom of each
element compared to 12C
Average atom based on all the isotopes and their
abundance %
Atomic mass is not a whole number
LecturePLUS Timberlake 26
 Learning Check AT6
Using the periodic table, specify the
atomic mass of each element (round to the
tenths place):
A. calcium __________
B. aluminum __________
C. lead __________
D. barium __________
E. iron __________
LecturePLUS Timberlake 27
 Solution AT6
Using the periodic table, specify the
atomic mass of each element (round to the
tenths place):
A. calcium _40.1 amu _
B. aluminum _27.0 amu _
C. lead _207.2 amu_
D. barium _137.3 amu_
E. iron _55.8 amu__
LecturePLUS Timberlake 28
 Calculating Atomic Mass

Percent(%) abundance of isotopes

Mass of each isotope of that element
Weighted average =
mass isotope1(%) + mass isotope2(%) + …
100 100

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 Atomic Mass of Magnesium
Isotopes Mass of Isotope Abundance
24
Mg = 24.0 amu 78.70%
25
Mg = 25.0 amu 10.13%
26
Mg = 26.0 amu 11.17%
Atomic mass (average mass) Mg = 24.3 amu

Mg
24.3 LecturePLUS Timberlake 30
 Learning Check AT7

Gallium is a metallic element found in

small lasers used in compact disc players.
In a sample of gallium, there is 60.2% of
gallium-69 (68.9 amu) atoms and 39.8% of
gallium-71 (70.9 amu) atoms. What is the
atomic mass of gallium?

LecturePLUS Timberlake 31
 Solution AT7
Ga-69
68.9 amu x 60.2 = 41.5 amu for 69
Ga
100
Ga-71 (%/100)
70.9 amu x 39.8 = 28.2 amu for 71
Ga
100

Atomic mass Ga = 69.7 amu

LecturePLUS Timberlake 32
 Finding An Isotopic Mass
A sample of boron consists of 10B (mass
10.0 amu) and 11B (mass 11.0 amu). If
the average atomic mass of B is 10.8
amu, what is the % abundance of each
boron isotope?

LecturePLUS Timberlake 33
Assign X and Y values:
X = % 10B Y = % 11B
Determine Y in terms of X
X + Y = 100
Y = 100 - X

Solve for X:
X (10.0) + (100 - X )(11.0) = 10.8
100 100
Multiply through by 100
10.0 X + 1100 - 11.0X = 1080
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Collect X terms
10.0 X - 11.0 X = 1080 - 1100

- 1.0 X = -20

X = -20 = 20 % 10
B
- 1.0
Y = 100 - X
% 11B = 100 - 20% = 80% 11B

LecturePLUS Timberlake 35
 Learning Check AT8

Copper has two isotopes 63Cu (62.9

amu) and 65Cu (64.9 amu). What is the %
abundance of each isotope? (Hint:
Check periodic table for atomic mass)

1) 30% 2) 70% 3) 100%

LecturePLUS Timberlake 36
 Solution AT8
2) 70%

Solution

62.9X + 6490 = 64.9X = 6350

-2.0 X = -140
X = 70%

LecturePLUS Timberlake 37