Classification of Hydraulic Turbines

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Why So Many Variations ?????
A Committed Engineering to Match A Machine to
the Resource..
Pelton Wheel Turbine : The Lowest Specific Speed Machine
Pure and maximum change in direction of flow velocity.
Modern Pelton Wheel
Original Pelton Wheel
V
ri
= V
ai
- U
b

V
re
= -V
ri

U
b

V
ae
= V
re
+U
b

V
ai

Analysis of Simple Moving Impulse Blade
( )
b ai b b ai b ri ae
U V U U V U V V 2 + = + = + =
( )
b ai ri re
U V V V V = = A 2
( )
( )
b ai R
b ai A
U V m V m F
U V m V m F
= A =
= A =
- -
- -
2
2
( )
b b ai b
b b R b
U U V m P
V U m U F P
=
A = =
-
-
2
Kinetic power lost by the jet :
( ) { } ( )
{ } ( )
( )
b b ai
b ai
b ai
U U V m KP
U V V
m
KP
U V V
m
V V
m
KP
ai
ai ae ai
= A
= A
= = A
-
-
- -
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2 2
Power lost by jet = Power gained by the Blade
( ) ( )
b b jet jet jet b b ai b
U U V V A U U V m P = =
-
2 2
Power Jet
Power Blade
Blade Impulse = of Efficiency
( )
gH
U U gH
blade

=
2 2
q
gH
DN DN
gH
blade
60 60
2 2
t t
q
|
.
|

\
|

=
( )
2
60
2
max . . max
gH
ND
gH
U
eff
t
= =
|
e

Does Incoming Jet Velocity Effect the Newtons Angle of
Deflection?
Turgo Turbine
Cross-flow Turbine
Variations of Cross-Flow Turbines
Specific Speed
Analysis of Simple Stationary Reaction Blade
V
ai

V
ri

V
re
V
ae

U
U V V
ai ri
+ = U V V
re ae
+ =
Change in velocity : ri re
V V V = A
( )
( )
ri re R
ri re A
V V m F
V V m V m F
=
= A =
-
- -
Motive Power Generated:
( )U V V m F U P
ri re R blade
= =
-
( )U U V V m P
ai ae blade
2 =
-
Power of incoming jet :
)
`

+ =
-
2
2
,
ai
i in jet
V
h m P
Power of outgoing jet :
)
`

+ =
-
2
2
,
ae
e out jet
V
h m P
2 2
2 2
ai
e i
ae
V
h h
V
+ =
( )
2
2
ai e i ae
V h h V + =
( ) ( )U U V V h h m P
ai ai e i blade
2 2
2
+ =
-
For an incompressible fluid
| | ( ) ( )U U V V H H g m P
ai ai e i blade
2 2
2
+ =
-
( ) ( )U U V V gH m P
ai ai blade
2 2
2
+ =
-
( ) ( )
gH
U U V V gH
ai ai
blade reaction
2 2
2
,
+
= q
Bulb Turbine
Tubular Turbine
Kaplan Turbine
V
ai

V
ae

V
ri

V
re

Simple Impulse-Reaction Blade
Jet will lose power both by Impulse and Reaction.
Propeller Blade Turbine
Francis Turbine
Specific Speed
H
e
a
d
,
m

Turbine Specific Speed (rpm)

Pelton 10 30
Turgo 20 70
Crossflow 20 200
Francis 30 400
Propeller and Kaplan 200 - 1000
Generally, the turbine manufacturer specifies the
specific speed of its turbine.

MORE ADAPTED TYPE OF TURBINE AS FUNCTION OF THE SPECIFIC SPEED.
Specific Speed in r.p.m. Turbine type Jump height in m
Until 18 Pelton of an injector 800
From 18 to 25 Pelton of an injector 800 to 400
From 26 to 35 Pelton of an injector 400 to 100
From 26 to 35 Pelton of two injectors 800 to 400
From 36 to 50 Pelton of two injectors 400 to 100
From 51 to 72 Pelton of four injectors 400 to 100
From 55 to 70 Very slow Francis 400 to 200
From 70 to 120 Slow Francis 200 to 100
From 120 to 200 Normal Francis 100 to 50
From 200 to 300 Quick Francis 50 to 25
From 300 to 450 Extra-quick Francis 25 to 15
From 400 to 500 Extra-quick helix 15
From 270 to 500 Slow Kaplan 50 to 15
From 500 to 800 Quick Kaplan 15 to 5
From 800 to 1100 Extra-quick Kaplan Less than 5
Correlations for Specific Speed
Several studies on a large number of hydro projects have
establish the following correlation of specific speed and
net head .

Crossflow N
s
=513.25/H
0.505


Propeller N
s
=2702/H
0.5


Kaplan N
s
=2283/H
0.486

How many Varieties of Resources Available in India ?

There is A Great Need to Generate
Innumerable Number of Creative Ideas for Moving
Towards A Developed Nation..