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Nearly ideal
High gain high input impedance low output impedance stable Simple for circuit construction
Goals
Learn basic characteristics of operational amplifier. Build and characterize amplifier circuits.
http://www.uoguelph.ca/~antoon/gadgets/741/741.html http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Bill_Bowden/opamp.htm http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_8/1.html
Pin Configuration
Notch
Counterclockwise numbering
Input
#2 V-; #3 V+
Output
#6 Vout
Power supply
#4 VDD; #7 +VCC
Key Characteristics
Output saturation voltages
Output voltage never surpasses power supply Linear amplifier Nonlinear, saturation
Not always bad!
Offset compensation
Cascading
Circuit
Two Input Nodes
Open Loop
R2 = , R1 = 0 Ground non-inverting input Signal applied to inverting input Differential gain > 10000 Driven into saturation Measure the output impedance with a load resistor - Output reduced by 2
U1
V1
6 5 741-DIV
Waveform
Vsat
Connect output to inverting input - Do not ground the inverting input Signal applied to non-inverting input Gain = 1 How fast can the output change? - Slew rate, V / t; around 0.6 V/sec
U1
6 5 741-DIV
Are inverting and non-inverting input ports symmetric? What will happen when there is a feedback from output to non-inverting input?
Waveform
Slew Rate
Inverting Amplifier
Feedback R2 Ground pin 3 Virtual ground at pin 2 Input impedance > R1, R2 Output impedance < R1, R2 Av = - R2 / R1
Waveform
Bode Plot
Frequency Response
Gain vs. frequency plot Amplify to DC -3dB frequency Higher gain, less bandwidth Gain bandwidth product
Non-Ideal Characteristics
Offset
DC input is zero but output is not zero Adjust using pins 1 and 5
10 k 1 k
DM
10 k pot -15 V
Non-Ideal Characteristics
Finite input impedance
Leakage current Symmetric input
100 k V1 1 M
+
V2 100 k 1 M
Vout
Common input
No gain
http://www.mines.edu/Academic/courses/physics/phgn217/lab8/lect13/sld001.htm
Circuit to Build
Measurements
Saturation voltages Output impedance Slew rate Gain vs frequency
Bandwidth and gain correlation In cascaded amplifiers, how to optimize the bandwidth?
Applications of Op Amp
Microphone pick up Audio amplifier Active filters Log amplifier Laser or LED driver 100 k 1 M
Vin Twin T Filter 0.1 F 10 k
+
100 k
Vout
C R 2C
C R
Vin
Vout
Review
Pin assignments Inverting input versus non-inverting input Typical saturation voltage, output impedance, and slew rate How to build an inverting amplifier? How to adjust the gain? Is the bandwidth gain dependent?
Gain bandwidth product
Challenges
Can the operational amplifier be operated with a single power supply? Can you build a summing amplifier or a subtracting amplifier? What is the instrumentation amplifier? Can you build one by using 741s?
Circuit Simulations