Chapter 6

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS
CHAPTER TOPICS
Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Influences on Nonverbal Communication Types of Nonverbal Communication
Looking Out/Looking In
Thirteenth Edition
Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal Communication
Messages expressed by nonlinguistic terms This rules out the written word and sign language Includes all vocal means that do not involve language
Sighs, laughs, etc. Nonlinguistic dimensions
Volume, rate, pitch

Nonverbal Skills are Vital
Nonverbal encoding and decoding skills are strong predictor of
Popularity Attractiveness Socioeconomic status
Nonverbal skills are vital to emotional intelligence
All behavior has communicative value


Nonverbal Communication is Relational Identity Management
Defines the kinds of relationships we want to have with others When youre at a party how do you act?
Which emotions are you displaying?
Friendly, attractive, easygoing

Nonverbal Communication is Relational
Nonverbal communication is better suited towards conveying emotion How do you express the following nonverbally
Youre tired Youre in favor of capital punishment Youre attracted to another person in the group You think prayer in schools should be allowed Youre angry at someone in the room
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Nonverbal Communication Serves Many Functions
Repeating
When someone asks for directions, you often repeat your answer with a gesture
Complementing
Expressions that match thoughts and emotions
Substituting
When someone asks, Whats up? You may just shrug your shoulders

Nonverbal Communication Serves Many Functions
Accenting
Nonverbal devices in oral messages
It was your idea!
Regulating
Influencing the flow of verbal communication
Contradicting
Sending mixed messages
Angry? Im not angry!

Nonverbal Communicators Offer Deception Clues
Leakage
Nonverbal cues that send signals a person is deceiving you When someone is bluffing a hand of poker, a player may nervously tap their finger or fidget in their chair The voice also offers leakage clues

Nonverbal Communicators Offer Deceptions Clues
Three findings:
We are accurate in detecting deception only slightly more than half the time We overestimate our ability to detect others lies We have a strong tendency to judge others messages as truthful

Nonverbal Communication is Ambiguous
What does a kiss mean?
In some situations it can be a way of saying hello In another situation is could be the first step to a more romantic relationship
When your significant other pulls away

Is this a sign of trouble Or a suggestion to pursue
10
Characteristic of Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal Communication is Ambiguous
Service with a Smile
Twelve Safeway Employees filed grievances over the smile-and-make-eye-contact policy The clerks claimed shoppers thought their smiles and eye-contact was flirting
Nonverbal Leaning Disorder (NVLD)

Reading facial expressions, tone of voice and other cues is dramatically more difficult
11
Influences on Nonverbal Communication

Gender
Research shows that, compared to men, women:
Smile more Use more facial expression Use more head, hand and arm gestures Touch others more Stand closer to others Make more eye contact
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Culture
Nonverbal behaviors can have different meanings depending on the culture
The OK gesture:
A cheery affirmation in American culture Means youre worth zero in France and Belgium Is a vulgar sexual invitation in Greece and Turkey
Americans are comfortable conducting business at a distance of four feet Middle Easterners stand much closer
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Culture The use of time depends greatly on culture
Monochronic
Emphasizing punctuality, schedules and completing one task at a time
Polychronic
Flexible schedule in which multiple tasks are pursued at the same time
14
Types of Nonverbal Communication

Body Movement
Body Orientation
The degree to which we face toward or away from someone with our body, feet and head
Posture
By paying attention to the postures around your own, youll find another channel of communication
Gestures
Movements of the hands and arms
15

Body Movement
Gestures
Illustrators
Movements that accompany speech but do not stand on their own
Emblems
Deliberate nonverbal communication that has precise meaning
Adaptors
Unconscious body movements in response to the environment
16

Body Movement
Face and Eyes
At least eight distinguishable positions of the eyebrows and forehead Eight of the eyes and lids Ten for the lower face
Multiplied together you can understand why it is nearly impossible to compile a dictionary of facial expressions
17

Body Movement
Face and Eyes
Microexpressions
Expressions that happen quickly and are difficult to detect Can be very effective in identifying emotion
Eyes
Communicate positive or negative attitude Pupils grow larger based on the interest in the object
18

Voice
Paralanguage
Describes nonverbal, vocal messages Note how many meanings come from a single sentence, just by shifting the emphasis
This is a fantastic communication book. This is a fantastic communication book. This is a fantastic communication book.
Unintentional Pause Vocalized Pause

19

Touch
Haptics
Touch can communicate many messages What makes a given touch more or less intense? Several Factors:
Which part of the body does the touching Which part of the body is touched How long does the touch last How much pressure is used The situation in which the touch occurred
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Appearance
Physical Attractiveness
Men and women whom others perceive as attractive are rated as:
Being more sensitive Kind Strong Sociable Interesting
Physically attractive professors receive higher evaluations from their students

21

Appearance
Clothing
One writer suggests that clothing can covey at least ten types of messages to others:
Economic background Economic level Educational level Educational background Level of sophistication Level of success Moral character Social background Social position Trustworthiness
22

Physical Space
Proxemics
The study of the way people and animals use space. We each carry an invisible bubble of personal space wherever we go We feel uncomfortable with this bubble is violated Different cultures develop different bubbles It is important to choose distances based on the receiver of your message
23

Proxemics
Halls Four Spatial Zones
Intimate distance
Ranges out about eighteen inches
Personal distance
Ranges from eighteen inches to four feet
Social distance
Four feet to twelve feet
Public distance
Distances beyond twelve feet
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Time
Chronemics
The study of how humans structure time In a culture that values time highly, waiting can be an indicator of status Time can be a marker of relationships The amount of time spent with a relational partner sends important messages about value Time is also valued in mediated communication
Email
25
Chapter Review
Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Influences on Nonverbal Communication Types of Nonverbal Communication
26

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal skills are vital to emotional intelligence

All behavior has communicative value

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

When your significant other pulls away

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristic of Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal Leaning Disorder (NVLD)

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Influences on Nonverbal Communication

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Influences on Nonverbal Communication

Influences on Nonverbal Communication

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

Types of Nonverbal Communication

Types of Nonverbal Communication

Types of Nonverbal Communication

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

Unintentional Pause Vocalized Pause

Types of Nonverbal Communication

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

Physically attractive professors receive higher evaluations from their students

Types of Nonverbal Communication

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

Types of Nonverbal Communication

Types of Nonverbal Communication

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

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