1

In order to increase the productivity of work in the construction field, one way
of improving the performances of the construction works is to produce the
objects from precast elements.
It is necessary to closely and discerningly study as many variants as possible,
taking into account the fact that producing construction objects from precast
elements has an important disadvantage that is the necessity of an adequate
solution for the joining elements in order to establish the monolithism of the
structure.
It is therefore necessary to adopt the right structures, starting from the
conception stage, structures which would fulfil the conditions of a rational
mounting with a reduced resources cost.
2
There can be lined out the difficulties in mounting a ground floor hall with
the main beams disposed transversely and bays of six meters wideness.
It is also necessary to adopt joining details which are possible to be done and
will not require high precision classes, (impovarator) burden-some costs or
difficult make ups, which sometimes may be impossible to solve.
There are not to be ignored the special characteristics of the concrete; each
type of material has its own properties, its own way of behaving, so that
choosing to use methods from the metallic joining may turn up to be an
aberration.
3
The realization of ground floor halls with tall, precast columns begins to
expand due to the facilities offered by the relization of the elements in a
horizontal position.
The methods of realizing the joining elements have to be known, especially the
deviations (abatere) allowed in the processes of precasting and mounting, the
shape of the joints, the possibilities of monolithization, etc.
The complex process of transport, storage, handling and
mounting of the precast units
The real location of the construction site regarding the resources, will
condition the possibility of realising different flows which, at the present, can
be summarised as follows:
in case that the main resources, respectively the precast elements, are
situated at a great distance from the site, usually more than 30 km, it is only
rational to transport them using the railway.
4
This variant implies the existence of a storing place on the construction site,
situated near the railway, where the precast elements can be stocked until they
will be assembled.
This storing place has to be well conceived from the beginning, to be organised
and equipped with all the necessary installations; the precast elements have to
be organised in a certain order so as not to be difficult to find them when
necessary or to need further interior transportations.
in case that the precast elements are realised at relatively short distances
from the construction site, usually in production plants situated near the
urban areas, it is reasonable to use the motorway for transport.
5
This flow can have several variants, one of them being the existence of a
storage place on site situated in the operating range of the lifting device,
usually the tower crane when building the multi storey block of flats.
It is therefore reasonable to have storage place large enough to stock the
precast elements necessary to keep the mounting process running.
Although from a pessimistic point of view this variant seems kind of rigid and
difficult to realise, we still have to remember it and adopt it.
It is true that this will take more effort to organise and correlate all the
resources; not lastly it will also take an intellectual effort.
This is the variant that will lead to an increase of productivity and a reduction
of the costs.
in case of heavy or very large elements, or small series, it is reasonable to
perform the precasting process on the construction site. We need to specify
that by precasting we mean arranging some places where the elements are
produced in the neighbourhood of the assembling devices.
6
These locations where the elements are produced need to be disposed such as
to allow a direct mounting, with no supplementary handling; it is also
necessary to create spaces to allow the means of transportation to pass.
Whenever the conditions described above can not be fulfilled it is preferable to
perform the precasting process on special construction polygons.
7
START
1
MANIPULARE
INCAC. MIJL.
TRANSPORT
Asezare in
mijloace de
transport
Manipulare
pentru
descarcare
Storehouse
placing
Manipulare
pentru
incarcare
A
Asezare in
mijl. transp.
auto
Railway
transportat
ion

Internal
transportation

auto
transp.

Manipulare
pentru
descarcare
Storehouse
placing
Preturnare

Set out

Joining
make-up
Manip.pt.mont
Fix.prov.
Elib.dinmacar
Position
rectification

reinforc
ing


formwo
rking


Concre
te
placing

Formwor
k
removal

Start
2n
B
C
A
1
2
Auxiliary fluxes - other resources
SUPPLIER
SITE
TRANSPORTA
TION
SITE
STOREHOU
SE
TRANSPORT
WORKING PLACE ACTIVITIES
HANDLING MOUNTING
REALIZARE
IMBINARI
8
The features of the precast elements
From the mounting process point of view we are interested in certain
characteristics of the precast elements, such as the geometrical sizes and their
framing into acceptable limits, the stress they suffer when being handled
adopting the adequate holding and handling systems, the weight of the
elements, the characteristics of the joining details, the support surfaces, the
incorporated metallic plates, the exterior reinforcements, etc.
The concordance quality
The construction elements, their mounting and assembling into parts of
construction and then into a whole construction, are almost impossible to be
performed respecting their original design from the project. The making up
process tries to respect the original conception, but inaccuracies are inherent,
certain deviations from the original concept will appear during the execution
stage.
These deviations usually regard the designed geometrical characteristics of the
elements, such as dimensional deviations, geometrical ones, the reciprocal
orientation of the profiles and surfaces.
9
The accuracy class of the metallic formwork
An important element for the characteristics of the precast elements is
represented by the exact shape of the pouring form. In the precast plants there
are generally used some metallic forms made in different sizes.
The technical specifications mention the accuracy classes, according to the
method of realising the form, table 1. These accuracy classes are imposed by
the processes taking place in the metallic confections and mechanical
processing fields.
Due to the processes that take place during the fluxes, the dimensional
variations of the metallic components, the temperature, the contraction of the
concrete, etc, the precast elements result to be classified into an inferior
accuracy class than that stipulated by the metallic form.
The designer is the one to establish the accuracy classes, according to the
special conditions of fitting, support, joining, the complexity of the mounting
method, taking into account the main dimensions of the precast element,
parameters which condition the mounting possibilities.
Table 1 Accuracy classes
No. Formwork feature
Dimensional Tolerances (T)
Basic Dimension (mm)
900
901
3000
3000
9000
>
9000
1
Fix forms, metal cutting &
pouring
PC5 PC5 PC5 PC6
2
Forms with mobile elements,
metal cutting & pouring
PC5 PC5 PC6 PC6
3
Fix forms, welded metallic
profiles, plates & strips, metal cutting
PC6 PC6 PC6 PC7
4
Forms with mobile elements,
welded metallic profiles, plates &
strips, metal cutting
PC6 PC6 PC7 PC7
5
Fix forms, welded metallic
profiles, plates & strips, without metal
cutting
PC6 PC6 PC7 PC7
6
Forms with mobile elements,
welded metallic profiles, plates &
strips, without metal cutting
PC7 PC7 PC7 PC7
7
Metallic profiles, plates & strips
assembled by clinch
PC7 PC8 PC8 PC8
11
Precast elements attaching systems for handling and mounting
devices
These devices are hung or settled to the precast units or they are attached
using other procedures in accordance with the precast elements features and
the specific of transportation, storage and mounting.
In order to realize the transportation and the mounting there are needed some
handling devices with specific parameters corresponding to the precast
elements features.
The mounting systems have to be conceived so as to function perfectly, to be
safe during all phases, to require a minimum material consumption which
could be retrieved.
After use there should be no complicated dismantle procedures.
One of the simplest mounting systems is made of steel, it is loop shaped and it
has the extremities incorporated in the element during the forming phase; it is
currently in use although it doesnt have the best performances.
12
Mounting system with hanging shackle
This system called hanging shackle (ureche de agare) has several
disadvantages as shown in the figure.
Thus, in the case there is used a handling device with inclined cables and the
shackles are located in the longitudinal plane of the element, figure 5.1 a,
during the moments of hanging and loading the arms of the system place
themselves following the direction of the cable; the interior arm tends to get
curved without being loaded.
In this situation the entire load is on the arm from exterior which can collapse.
13
It is therefore necessary that, when using devices with inclined cables the
shackles should be disposed in a perpendicular plane on the device plane; in
this case the arms will bent equally.
It is also necessary to use the same type of device during all the phases -
transportation, storage, and mounting in order to maintain the same angle
between the cables, which will lead to repeated bending of the shackles arms
and their possible breaking.
Other disadvantages of this system are: a quite large consumption of steel; the
usage of high supports at storage in order to create spaces between the
elements bigger than the height of the shackles; the need to cut or bend the
shackles after the mounting process is completed.
Next we are going to present the devices fulfilling the same functions, but
having clear advantages. Thus the mounting system is made of two elements.
14
One of the elements formed of a pipe screwed at the interior or of a wire
made coil, has welded around it steel curls and it is incorporated in the
concrete. The other element is made of a bolt having a screwed hole on its
superior part. After it is stored or placed at the mounting place the bolt is
retrieved.
Mounting system with bolt screwed in the element
The following figure presents how the mounting
system made of a cable is introduced into a hole in
the precast element through a plastic tube.
Mounting system made of a cable introduced into the
holes of the element
The mounting system presented in figure implies
realising some holes into the element when it is
produced, holes which will allow, during the
handling stage, to introduce pipes screwed at their
ends in order to hang the handling devices.
Mounting system made of a bolt introduced into the
element through a hole
15
16
Holding systems by laying are presented in figure. Thus, the system presented
includes a yoke with its sizes corresponding to the section of the element; this
yoke has on its inferior part several holes.
The usage of the device requires placing it on the superior
part of the precast element and introducing several pipes
into the holes from the inferior part.
In order to safeguard the operation it is necessary to put
some keys between the yoke and the element.
Mounting systems by laying
The system on the left side of the figure is fork shaped
and is frequently used when handling the precast strips.
17
Handling and mounting devices
The handling devices have to be conceived so as to satisfy certain requirements
such as: a good functionality, a reduced consumption of labour, a certain
degree of universality in order to use them on a wide range of elements.
The precast elements have to be held by lifting devices in order to allow
handling procedures during the last manufacture stages, to allow loading and
unloading in the intermediate storages and also to allow mounting.
They also should not determine higher loads on the elements handled than
those appearing during exploitation, while other types of loads should be as
small as possible.
The handling devices should not be very high, nor heavy in order to use the
working parameters of the lifting devices as rational as possible, to be perfectly
safe during exploitation.
Furthermore they should be properly conceived and dimensioned so as to
avoid their breaking or some of their elements falling apart provoking work
accidents.
18
The figure presents the angles that could be produced by the cables with the
horizontal, the loads they suffer and also the element which is handled.
The most simple and frequently used devices with two holding points are made
of inclined cables.
The loads that appear due to cables
tilting
Devices for linear elements with two holding points
Thus, decomposing the action of the gravitational loadG/2, in the holding
point, following the direction of the cable (N) and the axes of the element (H)
the result will be:
19
For different inclinations of the cables, respectively values of the angle a, it
results the dimension of the loads N and H.
Therefore, for = 10

it results the value of load from the cable three times

higher than the weight of the element, also similar values for the compression
strength H.
For = 30

the load from the cable drops down to the value of the elements
weight, for = 45

it is 0.7 G; it reaches 0.5 G in the case of the value = 90

.
It is important to remember that for small angles ( = 10

) the load N in the

cables is six time higher than in the case of their vertical placement.
The load H which compresses the element offers concordant values as well.
The angle is limited to a maximum 45

in order not to introduce unfavourable

loads into the element and there wouldnt be needed thick cables.
tan
2
G
H ; sin
2
G
N = =
20
It is not allowed the free passage of a cable over the hook of the lifting device
since this can slide and lead to shocks, respectively to cable breakings and
accidents during exploitation.
At their inferior part the cables are provided with hooks. The hook is a piece
made by forging, having a specific form.
During forging the fibres are disposed following the direction of the hooks
shape so as there would be no deformation before cracking while under loads.
Each hook is marked with nominal load from manufacture.
The devices from this group have cables held
at their superior part with a closed or opened
ring.
In order to reduce the inclination of the cables, respectively the loads existing
within these and the element, there can be conceived systems with short
sleepers, which have the advantage of reduced weights and relatively short
heights .
The systems with cables positioned vertically, case in which there are
minimum loads, need to be provided with long sleepers, accordingly
dimensioned.
The result will be relatively heavy devices having reduced heights.
21
Device with long sleeper
The following figure presents a more functional device with a higher degree of
universality.
22
The holding points are realised so as to be functional in any position on
horizontal through some carriages moving on the sleeper.
Device which automatically places the cables
vertically
The movement of
proximity or that of
remoteness is
synchronized through a
continuous cable passed
over two pulleys placed in
a horizontal plane at the
ends of the sleeper. One
carriage is held by a cable
on one of the sleepers
side, the other one on the
other side.
When the element is held in any position, the cables are coming automatically
on vertical under the action of the horizontal components moving the
carriages. The movement is realised during the beginning of the lifting phase,
while the device starts to load itself and there are only reduced forces to induce
important horizontal loads in the element.
23
In case of the particular system of forces, respectively the action produced by
the gravitational load, a linear element needs two simple connections only.
In order to produce devices with more than two connections it is necessary
that each supplementary connection should be compensated with a proper
system such as a cantilever with equal arms or a fixed pulley.
Devices for linear elements with more than two attaching points
The following figure presents a device with three holding points used when
handling large panels.
24
The panel with the same configuration as that in
the figure can not be handled by catching in two
points because there would be some loads that can
damage it; therefore there are needed three
catching points properly placed.
The device realises the compensation for the extra connection, respectively it
creates equal loads in the catching points through an equal armed lever.
Device with three attaching points used when
handling large panels
When handling the truss there are conceived proper devices with two pulleys
in order to realise loads similar to those from the exploitation phase,
respectively compression at the superior end and stretching at the inferior one.
25
The truss can be held in four points while the compensation of the two
connections is realised by a continuous passing of two cables over the pulleys.
Device used for handling the trusses
Long linear elements with reduced transversal section need a large number of
holding points.
26
The compensation of the extra connections, meaning realising equal loads in
the holding points, is realised with the device presented in figure.
Device used for handling linear
elements with n attaching points
This device is made up of a sleeper
on the extremities of which it is held
a continuous cable passed over a
system of fixed and mobile pulleys.
Since in the continuous cable the
stress is the same, the load in the
holding points is represented by the
relation: N = G/n.
27
In order to conceive rational devices both from the point of view of the static
equilibrium as well as from that of the compatibility with the features of the
elements being handled it is necessary to analyse these aspects and to realise a
correlation between them. It is presented a floor element held in a three
connections device.
Device incompatible with the features of the
elements
Handling devices for the surface elements
Although the device is correctly conceived from
the point of view of static equilibrium under the
action of the gravitational load it is not compatible
with the features of the element.
During exploitation the element is being supported
on four sides and it is therefore accordingly
dimensioned. In the situation presented in the
figure on one of the sides there has been introduced
a support in the middle realising some cantilevers
which are not reinforced properly; these will lead
to cracks and will destroy the element.
It is thus compulsory the compatibility between the device and the features of
the element. Presently, on sites, there is frequently used a device with four
holding points, with no compensation.
28
Device with four holding points and no
compensation
As it can be seen in the figure, the lack of
compensation of the extra connections
leads to the deformation and cracking of
the element until the longest cable start
working.
Although the crack closes after the element
is placed on the supports it still allows the
access of noxious, corrosive agents,
especially during the mounting of the floor
panels in the area of the toilets at the
apartment buildings.
Dispozitivul de manipulare prezentat n figura urmtoare este corect conceput
deoarece asigur echilibrul sub aciunea sarcinii gravitaionale, legtura n
plus fiind compensat printr-un scripete fix, ct i din punct de vedere al
compatibilitii cu caracteristicile elementului care reazem pe patru laturi.
29
Device with four cables provided with pulley
to compensate the extra connections
In the case of some surface elements having one of the sides longer it is
necessary to place six holding points in order to realise the compatibility with
the exploitation situation.
30
Device with six cables and three
compensation pulleys
The starting point is the ring hanged in the
cranes hook with three connections, while
the six cable strands are compensated by
three fixed pulleys.
31
In order to manipulate
relatively tall colums but with
reduced transversal sections it is
presented a device that has six
attaching.
Device for handling columns
The column has three holes
where there are introduced rods
so as to realise six holding
points. Although the column is a
linear element it behaves as a
surface one because of the
particular way of attachment to
the device.
To perform the handling process on horizontal, the shipping and unshipping
processes, as well as that of the superimposed precasting, the column is held in
all the six connections.
Two of the connections are compensated by two pulleys attached on one lever,
while the third one, at the base of the pillar is compensated by an equal
armed cantilever.
In order to place the column vertically the connections from the bottom are
untied, the column turns around it while the pulleys from the sleeper realise
the compensation of the lengths. In this phase the column supports itself on
five points two of which are compensated by the pulleys of the sleeper.
32
After reaching the vertical position the pillar is lifted from the ground while it
is supported on four points compensated by the pulleys of the sleeper.
The following figures present a handling device used for shipping, unshipping
and mounting. It is also used for transporting the floors vertically.
33
Device for handling the floors during
transportation in horizontal position
Device for handling the floors during
transportation in vertical position
The conditions imposed by the norms are:
it is strictly forbidden to improvise handling devices on the construction site;
in case of devices with extra non-compensated connections some of the cables
do not work, the other cables overheat so that the safety during exploitation is
compromised;
the devices have to be certified by ISCIR and manufactured in specialised
laboratories only;
when the working period has started the devices are checked on a daily basis,
and they are periodically loaded with loads higher than the nominal one,
according to the indications from the norms.
When performing the handling manoeuvres during the mounting phase one of
the pulleys from the superior part is blocked by a bolt. Pulling out the bolt will
turn the system into a mechanism and will allow tipping.
34
35
Transportation and storage of the precast elements
In accordance with the features of the precast elements their transportation
and storage need specific procedures methods and means.
No matter the variant of transportation and storage chosen, there need to be
observed some specific rules in order to prevent the damage of the elements
and to avoid work accidents. These rules are:
the position of the holding points in the handling device and that of the
support areas during storage should be chosen so as not to change the support
diagram from exploitation or, if there are any other schemes adopted, there
should be no need for further reinforcements. To check the bearing capacity as
a consequence of the handling, transportation and mounting shocks, the
gravitational load is amplified with a dynamic coefficient of 1.5, according to
the norms;
during all the transportation, handling and mounting stages the holding
devices and the supports should be conceived so as the precast elements will
not loose stability;
it is necessary for the support systems of the transport means to guarantee
stability for the elements when starting, sudden braking or sharp turnings;
according to the features of the precast elements the supports will be
manufactured so as not to damage the edges or the finished surfaces;
36
when the precast elements are stacked, it is necessary that the supports of
each precast element should be placed on the same vertical so as not to damage
the elements located at the base.
The supports between the precast elements should have a proper height so as
not to damage the holding system. When handling the elements with fork
devices the heights of the supports should be correlated with the features of the
device.
In order to cope with the supplementary loads appearing during handling and
transportation, the slender elements should be strengthen with pre
compressed coupling bars disposed following a rational course.
There are conceived fixed racks to place the elements in warehouses which
have some degree of permanency.
37
Fixed racks
Inclined elements
The elements are inclined and
support each other; there will be
needed supplementary manoeuvres
to choose a panel from the central
area
38
Organizing the working place for the precast elements mounting
In order to realise rational mountings, with a maximum use of the resources,
respecting high quality and security conditions, requires the analysis of the
functional parameters of the equipments used and the real characteristics of
the field situations.
It is mainly necessary the correlation of the functional parameters of the lifting
and transport equipments with the characteristics of the mounting places.
To study the work places it is necessary to observe the following stages:
establishing the position in plane of the mounting and transport devices, the
shifting direction; the devices can make transversal and longitudinal circuits
within the object;
establishing the position in plane of the precast element for different
mounting stages;
correlating the gauges, in transversal and longitudinal sections, of the
transport and mounting devices, with the sizes of the mounting places in order
to make the process possible and secure.
39
The study of the work places is necessary for every element part of the
construction object.
A careful performed study of every possible variant will allow choosing the
best solution in realising a quality mounting with minimum costs.
Organizing the working places for the columns mounting
40
It is presented a transversal section of the working place to help determine the
position of tracks axis for the mounting and transport devices.
Transversal section through the
working place
Marking down the positions of the tracks axis towards the objects axis with
d
1
and d
2
, these have to fulfil the following conditions:
1
2 2
F B
d b > + +
where b represents a safety space of 0.5 1 m.
The distances between the tracks axes respectively the distance d
2
, have to
fulfil several conditions, observing the notations in the figure:
to allow the circulation of the two vehicles, respectively:
41
to allow the circulation of the transport means in the phase when the
mounting device is in the station, respectively:
the back of the lifting device, its balance weight, should not hit, during
mounting, the transport device standing for unshipping, respectively:
2
2 2
B E
d a > + + where a is a safety space of 0.5 1 m.
2
E
a
2
C
d
2
+ + >
2
E
a A d
2
+ + >
42
The position in plane of the mounting device is determined by the number of
columns which are mounted at the same station.
This is dictated by the columns features, the gauges, the weight and the
dimensions between the transversal and longitudinal axes of the object.
For the large sized columns, longer than 12
m, and for the bays of 12 m or longer, it is
rational to mount one pillar from one station.
The position of the station, respectively the
radius of the crane, is established in
accordance with the dimensions d
1
and d
2
.
The value of d
2
is generally higher, so it is
necessary for the radius to fulfil the following
condition:
2
d R >
The position of the station
43
From the geometrical elements of the figure, with the radius being established,
we can determine the position of the station.
The position in plane of the transport mean is established so that the centroid
of the element will be on the vertical part of the hook from the mounting
device.
When lifting the element from the mounting device and placing it on the
ground, it is necessary that the centroid find itself on the circle described by
the projection of the hook, in order to realise the tipping operation; the bottom
of the pillar should be on the circle as well, so that it can rotate without
creeping.
It is recommended for the bottom of the pillar to be placed nearby the
foundation in order to reduce the manoeuvre time needed during the
mounting process.
In the case of the small sized bays, of 6 m, it is recommended to mount two
columns in the same station. The sizes of the working place are given by the
values d
1
and d
2
, while the radius is established from the geographical
elements of the figure:
44
2
t
1
2
L
d R
|
.
|

\
|
+ >
respecting also the condition:
2
d R >
The mounting process of two
columns from one station,
longitudinal circuits
45
The following figure presents the organization of the working place for the
mounting of one column from one station, in the variant of the transversal
circulation of the mounting and transport devices.
The mounting process of one column from one station,
transversal circuits
46
In case of the 6 m bays, organizing the working place following transversal
circuits it is not recommended since the circulation of the transport device is
performed in the next bay and the result will be a radius of the mounting
device larger than 6 m and its parameters will be used improperly.
In case of bays smaller than 6 m, the transversal circulation is generally not
possible.
The mounting process of two columns from one station,
transversal circuits
47
The following figure presents a transversal section through the work place to
help determine the necessary parameters for the mounting device.
The height at the hook is
determined by the relation, with the
notations from the figure:
h
h
= h
c
+ h
d
+h
s

Where: h
d
represents the height of
the handling and manoeuvre device
and h
s
represents the safety space
with the value 0.5m.
The necessary parameters for the
mounting device
Organizing the working place for the mounting process of the
beams
The organization of working place for beams mounting process mainly
respects the same conditions imposed for the mounting of the columns,
respectively the determination of the distances d
1
and d
2
.
Mounting the crane beam and the main
longitudinal beam from the same station
The following figure presents, in plane and
transversal section, the working place for
mounting the main beams and the crane
beams from the same station, devices that
circulate longitudinally.
48
Mounting the main beams
It is presented, in plane and
transversal section, the organization
of the working place for the
mounting process of the main beams
for the halls where these are
disposed transversally.
The circulation of the mounting and
transport devices is performed
following longitudinal circuits.
49
Organizing the work places for mounting the roof elements
When mounting the roof elements the organisation of the work place is done
by determining the distances d
1
and d
2
.
A special attention has to be given to the study of the work places in
transversal and longitudinal sections.
The work places, when contracting during the mounting process of the inferior
elements, have to adopt stations for the mounting device so as to create
manoeuvre gauges for the arm, and also to adopt equipments which allow
mounting the roof elements, mainly developed on the surface, in safety
conditions.
The following figure presents the organization of the work place for mounting
the roof elements in the case of a hall having the bay equal or longer than 12
m, with transversal circulation of the devices.
50
Mounting the roof elements, transversal circuits
51
The technological flux for mounting a totally prefabricated ground floor
industrial hall
From the technological mounting point of view we distinguish two types of
halls:
Ground floor industrial halls having the main girders longitudinally disposed:
For mounting the columns it was adopted a successive disposal, the crane
covers a circuit on the presented working sector.
The main girders
longitudinally disposed
52
By studding the working fronts resulted an advantageous mounting of two
columns from a single stationary cranes position.
There were adopted longitudinal circuits that lead to minimum mounting
ranges.
The columns mounting, 6 meters bay
From the second longitudinal circuit the crane and main girders are mounted
by using the same stationary position of the crane.
53
The crane and main girders
mounting, 6 meters bay
The roof elements are mounted by using a third longitudinal circuit.
By taking into consideration the span dimensions, the lifting device covers the
second circuit or changes the position with the transportation device.
The mounting and the transportation devices covers the same circuits for all
the mounted elements.
The mounting devices use the minimum ranges by taking into consideration
the working fronts characteristics.
54
In the case when for each circuit is adopted a mounting device, this will work
to optimum functional parameters.
The roof elements mounting, 6 meters bay
55
If the ground floor industrial hall has a twelve meters bay, by studding the
working fronts characteristics it becomes advantageous to mount a single
column from a stationary position of the crane. The next mounting phases
remain the same.
The columns mounting, 12 meters bay
56
The crane and main girders mounting,
12 meters bay
The roof elements mounting, 12 meters
bay
57
Ground floor industrial halls having the main girders transversally disposed:
In the following pictures there are presented different organization options for
mounting columns to industrial halls having 6 meters bays.
The main girders transversally disposed
58
By studying the working fronts it results favourable the mounting of two
columns from a single stationary cranes position. If it is emphasised the routes
it is observed that due to lack of space, the transportation vehicle in a
transversal circuit has to run in the next bay.
For this the crane in order to do the job has to have a greater working range.
By taking into consideration this aspect is better to work with longitudinal
circuits, because the working radius will be smaller, hence the lifting device
will lighter.
The columns mounting,
transversal circuits, 6
meters bay
59
In order to mount the main girders, when realising the circuits, is necessary to
adopt the working front by taking into consideration the real dimensions of
the mounted elements.
It is observed that transversal circuits are possible only if the spans have
eighteen meters or more. For industrial halls with span smaller than eighteen
meters is necessary that the circuits to be longitudinal, otherwise the crane will
hit the columns.
The main girders mounting, transversal circuits, 6
meters bay
60
When mounting the roof elements, for halls with six meters bay, because the
working front is shortened by mounting the previous elements, is necessary to
study the working in vertical section. It results the fact that is impossible to
mount the roof elements by using transversal circuits situated in the bays axle,
by lifting the element from the next bay. It is necessary that the transversal
circuits to be placed at a certain distance with regard to the bays axle. This
distance is correlated between the dimension of the working front in
transversal section and the cranes parameters.
The roof elements mounting, transversal circuits, 6
meters bay
61
It follows the mounting of precast elements for twelve meters bay.
The columns mounting, transversal circuits, 12 meters bay
62
The main girders mounting,
transversal circuits, 12 meters
bay
The roof elements mounting,
transversal circuits, 12
meters bay
63