Amity University Rajasthan: Amity School of Engineering

Amity School of Engineering
Submitted by: Ajay Singh
B.Tech (CSE), III Semester
Under the Guidance of
Mrs. Preeti Gupta
AMITY UNIVERSITY RAJASTHAN

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Introduction Working of WIMAX IEEE 802.16 standard 802.16 Architecture IEEE 802.16 Specifications Features of WIMAX Advantages of WIMAX over WIFI WIMAX vs. 3G ISSUES in WIMAX vs. 3G FUTURE OF WIMAX
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WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. WiMAX is a wireless digital communications system, also known as IEEE 802.16, that is intended for wireless "metropolitan area networks". WiMAX can provide broadband wireless access (BWA) up to 30 miles (50 km) for fixed stations, and 3 - 10 miles (5 - 15 km) for mobile stations. In contrast, the WiFi/802.11 wireless local area network standard is limited in most cases to only 100 - 300 feet (30 - 100m). WiMAX is a second-generation protocol that allows for more efficient bandwidth use, interference avoidance, and is intended to allow higher data rates over longer distances.
There are three possible ways to access internet: Broadband access Uses DSL or cable modem at home. WiFi Uses WIFI routers at home and hotspots on the road. Dial-up Connection
Broadband access is too expensive and WiFi coverage is very sparse. The new technology promises:
High speed of broadband service.

Wireless rather than wired access. Broad Coverage.
system consists of
A WiMAX tower, (Base Station) similar in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX tower can provide coverage to a very large area as big as 3,000 square miles (~8,000 square km).
A WiMAX receiver (Subscriber Station), The receiver and antenna could be a small box or Personal Computer Memory card, or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi access is today
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The communication path between SS and BS has two directions Uplink (from SS to BS) Downlink (from BS to SS) A base station can connect directly to the Internet using a high-bandwidth, wired connection It can also connect to another WiMAX tower using a line-of-sight, microwave link. Often referred to as a backhaul Allows WiMAX to provide coverage to remote rural areas.
Setup a WiMAX base station

WiMAX-enabled computer or upgrade computer to add WiMAX
capability
Service Provider issues encryption code that would give access to the
base station
Base Station would beam data to computer via radio signals For Local Network, WiMAX base station would send data to a
WiMAX-enabled switch, which would then send the data to other computers on that network
Non-Line of sight Line-of-sight is not required in between a small antenna on CPE and receiver 2 GHz to 11 GHz frequency range Longer-wavelength transmissions are not as easily disrupted by physical obstructions they are better able to diffract, or bend, around obstacles. Line of sight Line-of-sight between transmitter & receiver 11 GHz to 66 GHz frequency range At Higher frequencies, there is less interference and lots more bandwidth
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Fixed Wireless: Phase 1: Fixed wireless access using outdoor installed antennae providing high speed service to businesses. Also, will serve in a backhaul role, linking WiFi hot spots to the Internet. Phase 2: Introduction of indoor, self-installable Customer Premises Equipment (CPE). Consumers will be able to bring home a box resembling a cable modem, plop it down anywhere in the house and receive high speed service. Mobile Wireless: Phase 3: Manufacturers to integrate WiMAX into PC cards, laptops, and other portable devices to enjoy high speed connectivity at home, around town, and even while speeding down the highway.
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Consider a scenario where a WiMax-enabled computer is 10 miles away from the WiMax base station.
A special encryption code is given to computer to gain access to base station. The base station would beam data from the Internet required for computer (at speeds potentially higher than today's cable modems).
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The user would pay the provider monthly fee for using the service. The cost for this service could be much lower than current high-speed Internet-subscription fees because the provider never had to run cables.
The WiMAX protocol is designed to accommodate several different methods of data transmission, one of which is Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP). If WiMAX-compatible computers become very common, the use of VoIP could increase dramatically. Almost anyone with a laptop could make VoIP calls.
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WiMAX Mini-PCI Reference Design
Intels first WIMAX chip
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Fixed IEEE 802.16 standard

Portable IEEE 802.16-2004 standard ( revises & replaces IEEE 802.16a & 802.16REVd versions) Mobile IEEE 802.16e
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802.16a Uses the licensed frequencies from 2 to 11 GHz. Supports Mesh network. 802.16b Increase spectrum to 5 and 6 GHz Provides QoS( for real time voice and video service) 802.16c Represents a 10 to 66GHz. 802.16d Improvement and fixes for 802.16a 802.16e Addresses on Mobile Enable high-speed signal handoffs necessary for communications with users moving at vehicular speeds
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Two duplex mode TDD: Time division duplex FDD: frequency division duplex (Different from TDMA and FDMA)
Support three kinds of physical layer technology Single carrier (one channel) OFDM with 256 carriers (IEEE 802.16-2004) 55 (28 low and 27 high) subcarriers are used for guard band 8 subcarriers are used for pilot signal (for channel estimation) 192 subcarriers are for users (192 simultaneous data streams!) OFDM with 2048 carriers
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Transmission scheduling Controls up and downlink transmissions so that different QoS can be provided to each user Admission control Ensures that resources to support QoS requirements of a new flow are available
Link initialization Scans for a channel, synchronizes the SS with the BS, performs registration, and various security issues.
Support for integrated voice/data connections Provide various levels of bandwidth allocation, error rates, delay and jitter Fragmentation Sequence number in the MAC header is used to reassemble at the receiver Retransmission Implement an ARQ(Automatic Repeat Request)
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Fixed access in LOS connections Operate in 10-66 Ghz frequency bands Data bandwidths of 32- 124 Mbps Cell Radius of 1 to 3 miles RF channel BW can be 20, 25, 28 MHz Uses Request/Grant access method Modulation is adaptive from 64 QAM to QPSK
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Fixed & Portable access in LOS & NLOS Operate in 2-11 Ghz frequency bands Data bandwidths of 70Mbit/s Cell Radius of 4 to 7 miles ( PMP Architecture) Maximum Range of 30 miles ( PTP Architecture) Flexible RF channel BW between 1.5 MHz to 20 MHz Request/Grant access method Modulation is adaptive from 64 QAM to QPSK
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Mobile access in NLOS Operate in 2-6 Ghz frequency bands Data bandwidths of 50Mbps Cell Radius of 1 to 3 miles Mobility upto 120 km/h Flexible RF channel BW between 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz Request/Grant access method SOFDMA technology Supports Handoff and Roaming
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WWAN
802.20 (proposed)
WiMAX
New standard for Fixed broadband Wireless. Trying to do for MAN what Wi-Fi did for LAN.
MAN
70 Mbps ~50 Km 802.16a/e
Wi-Fi
Includes 802.11a/b/g. Products must be Approved for Interoperability by the Wi-Fi Alliance.
WLAN
11-54 Mbps ~100m 802.11a/b/g
PAN
~1.5 Mbps <10 m 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)
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802.16/a
Backhaul
WiFi
802.16
LOS to fixed outdoor antenna
802.16e
NLOS to MSS (laptop/PDA.)
802.16a
WiFi
WiFi
802.16a
NLOS to fixed outdoor antenna
NLOS to fixed Indoor antenna
MSS: Mobile Subscriber Station; LOS: Line of Sight; NLOS: Non Line of Sight
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IEEE 802.16 Protocol Architecture has 4 layers: Convergence, MAC, Transmission and physical, which can be mapped to two OSI lowest layers: physical and data link.
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P2MP Architecture BS connected to Public Networks. BS serves Subscriber Stations (SS). Provides SS with first mile access to Public Networks.
Mesh Architecture Optional architecture for WiMAX.
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Scalability. Quality of Service. Range. Coverage.
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The 802.16 standard supports flexible radio frequency (RF) channel bandwidths.
The standard supports hundreds or even thousands of users within one RF channel. As the number of subscribers grow the spectrum can be reallocated with process of sectoring.
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Primary purpose of QoS feature is to define transmission ordering and scheduling on the air interface.
These features often need to work in conjunction with mechanisms beyond the air interface in order to provide end to end QoS or to police the behaviour or SS.
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A configuration and registration function to pre configure SS based QoS service flows and traffic parameters.
A signalling function for dynamically establishing QoS enabled service flows and traffic parameters. Utilization of MAC scheduling and QoS traffic parameters for uplink service flows. Utilization of QoS traffic parameters for downlink service flows.
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Optimized for up to 50 Km.

Designed to handle many users spread out over kilometres.
Designed to tolerate greater multi-path delay spread (signal reflections) up to 10.0 seconds. PHY and MAC designed with multi-mile range in mind.
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Standard supports mesh network topology. Optimized for outdoor NLOS performance. Standard supports advanced antenna techniques.
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Cable and DSL technologies Last Mile Problem: DSL can only reach about 18,000 feet
(3 miles) from the central office switchmany urban, suburban and rural locations may not be served. return channel, and converting these network to support high-speed broadband can be expensive.
Many older cable networks have not been equipped to provide a
Cost of deploying cable is a significant deterrent to the extension of
wired broadband service in areas with low subscriber density.

Wi-Fi (802.11) access Hot spots are very small, so coverage is sparse.
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Full support for WMAN service Improved user connectivity Longer Ranges High Throughput Higher Quality of Service (QoS) Ensures Interoperability Line of sight not required 802.16e version allows for Mobility Easy Installation lower cost CPE
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Allow service providers to deliver high throughput broadband based services like VoIP, high-speed Internet and Video
Facilitate equipment compatibility Reduce the capital expenditures required for network expansion Provide improved performance and extended range
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Range of technology and service level choices from both fixed and wireless broadband operators. DSL-like services at DSL prices but with portability Rapidly declining fixed broadband prices
No more DSL installation fees from incumbent
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Line-of-sight (LOS) is required for long distance (5-30 mile) connections

Certain conditions terrain, weather and large buildingscan act to reduce the maximum range Other wireless electronics can interfere with the WiMAX connection & cause a reduction in data throughput
licensed airwave frequencies are limited availability. Unlicensed airwaves are free but all can use themdifficult to control service quality as other users of the same band could cause interference
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Scalability Relative Performance Quality of Service Range Coverage Security
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802.11
802.16a
Channel bandwidths can be chosen by operator (e.g. for sectorization) 1.5 MHz to 20 MHz width channels. MAC designed for scalability. independent of channel bandwidth

Wide (20MHz) frequency channels
MAC designed to support 10s of users
MAC designed to support thousands of users.

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Channel Bandwidth
Maximum Data Rate
Maximum bps/Hz
802.11
20 MHz 1.5 20 MHz
54 Mbps
2.7 bps/Hz
802.16a
100 Mbps
5.0 bps/Hz
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802.11
802.16a
Contention-based MAC (CSMA/CA) => no guaranteed QoS Standard cannot currently guarantee latency for Voice, Video Standard does not allow for differentiated levels of service on a per-user basis
Grant-request MAC
Designed to support Voice and Video from ground up Supports differentiated service levels: e.g. T1 for business customers; best effort for residential. Centrally-enforced QoS
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802.11e (proposed) QoS is prioritization only
802.11
802.16a
Optimized for ~100 meters

No near-far compensation
Optimized for up to 50 Km
Designed to handle many users spread out over kilometers
Designed to handle indoor multipath delay spread of 0.8 seconds Optimization centers around PHY and MAC layer for 100m range
Designed to tolerate greater multi-path delay spread (signal reflections) up to 10.0 seconds
PHY and MAC designed with multimile range in mind
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802.11
802.16a
Optimized for indoor performance
Optimized for outdoor NLOS performance

Standard supports mesh network topology Standard supports advanced antenna techniques
No mesh topology support within ratified standards
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802.11
802.16a
Existing standard is WPA + WEP
Existing standard is PKM - EAP
802.11i in process of addressing security
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Using an assortment of proprietary and standards-based technologies, such as OFDM and W-CDMA ,WiMax has a clear advantage over 3G The advantages include Higher Throughput Low Cost Lower Latency
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WiMax
spectrum is more economical than 3G. The price paid per Hz is as much as 1000 times lower than for 3G spectrum. The low cost is a clear driver for service providers to enter the field of wireless services with WiMax WiMAX is important for mobile broadband wireless, as it completes 3G by providing higher performance for data with more than 1 Mbps downstream to allow connection of laptops and PDAs
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WiMAX technology is the solution for many types of highbandwidth applications at the same time across long distances and will enable service carriers to converge the allIP-based network for triple-play services data, voice, and video
WiMAX interoperable solutions enable economies of scale through integration of standard chipsets, making WiMAX Forum Certified products cost-effective at delivering highcapacity broadband services at large coverage distances in Line Of Sight and Non Line Of Sight conditions
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Cellular backhaul Uses PTP antennas to connect aggregate subscriber stations to each other and to base stations across long distances. Last mile Uses PMP antennas to connect residential or business subscribers the BS.
to
Broadband On-demand It enables the service provider to offer instantly configurable high speed connectivity for temporary events.
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Residential broadband: filling the gaps in cable & DSL coverage The range, absence of a LOS requirement, high BW, flexibility and low cost helps to overcome the limitations of traditional wired and proprietary wireless technologies. Underserved Areas Local utilities and governments work together with a local Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP) to deliver service. Mobility IEEE 802.16e allow users to connect to a WISP even when they roam outside their home or business, or go to another city that also has a WISP.
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WiMax will be deployed in three stages In the first phase WiMaX technology (based on IEEE 802.16-2004) provides fixed wireless connections In the second phase WiMaX will be available as a cheap and self-installing Subscriber Terminal (ST), linked to PC and to antenna The third phase enables portability, thus WiMAX (based on IEEE 802.16e) will be integrated into commercial laptops
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Deployment of the network WIMAX deployment is in the planning stages and it might take 3-5 years in providing reasonable coverage in well populated areas
WiMax may initially be relegated to college campuses and larger corporate campuses where people are less mobile and costs containment is important
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Quality of Service To provide quality of service by deploying WIMAX networks and to facilitate the continuous availability of service, careful planning is required at the edge of the network to manage network monitoring, availability, failover, routing etc
This can actually be done using outsourced services in cheap labor markets like India and China via the public Internet
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Cost Issue The main reason to opt for WIMAX is its low cost.
The price paid per Hz for WIMAX spectrum is as much as 1000 times lower than for 3G spectrum
The low cost of WIMAX spectrum compared to 3G is a clear driver for service providers to enter the field of wireless services with WIMAX
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Founded in April 2001 No Profit organization comprised of wireless access system manufacturers, component suppliers, software developers and carriers A wireless industry consortium that supports and promotes WiMAXs commercial usage Comply with the WiMAX standard and focus on the interoperability Members include Intel, AT&T, Siemens Mobile, British Telecommunications, etc It is the group incharge of promoting & asserting the interoperability of WiMAX standard Products must comply with the WiMAX standards and document their security and interoperability before receiving Forum endorsement
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Band
Frequencies
License Required
Availability
2.5 GHz
2.5 to 2.69 GHz
Yes
Allocated in Brazil, Mexico, some Southeast Asian countries and the U.S.
Worldwide Available Band, some new allocations between 3.33.4 and 3.63.8 GHz In most countries, the 3.4 GHz to 3.6 GHz band is allocated broadband wireless.
3.5 GHz
3.3 to 3.8 GHz, but primarily 3.4 GHz to 3.6 GHz
Yes, in some countries
5 GHz
5.25 to 5.85 GHz
No
5.25 and 5.85 GHz is mainly used for private Networks (Public Utilities and Municipalities)
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CANADA 2.3, 2.5, 3.5 & 5.8 GHz USA Speaker 2.5 & 5.8 GHz Name Title of Speaker Central & So America 2.5, 3.5 & 5.8 GHz
EUROPE 3.5 & 5.8 GHz Possible: 2.5 GHz
RUSSIA 3.5 & 5.8 GHz Possible: 2.3, 2.5 GHz
MIDDLE EAST AFRICA 3.5 & 5.8 GHz
ASIA PACIFIC 2.3, 2.5, 3.3, 3.5 & 5.8 GHz
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Will WIMAX replace 3G? Along with the forthcoming standardization, WiMAX has the potential to substitute 3G and become a promising 4G WiMAX has its distinct identity as either a stand-alone solution for incumbent and competitive fixed network operators or as complementary radio access solution for established 2G and 3G cellular network operators
Fixed-line operators, on the one hand, may consider WiMAX as a viable alternative to add mobility to the service portfolio, leveraging their huge subscriber base, in particular in countries where 3G licensing is delayed or not affordable
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www.ewh.ieee.org/r4/chicago/Yu-WiMAX.pdf
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/wimax.htm www.wimaxforum.org
http://standards.ieee.org/catalog/olis/lanman.html
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Amity University Rajasthan: Amity School of Engineering

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Amity University Rajasthan: Amity School of Engineering

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Amity School of Engineering

Submitted by: Ajay Singh

B.Tech (CSE), III Semester

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. Preeti Gupta

Amity School of Engineering