ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

CHAPTER-1

ORGANIZATION & BEHAVIOR

Organizational Behavior has two words in it Organization and Behavior ORGANIZATION :-A consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve common goal or set of goals. BEHAVIOR- Actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment. Behavior can be conscious or unconscious, overt (open) or covert (hidden), and voluntary or involuntary. The behavior of people falls within a range with some

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behaviors being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside acceptable limits. In short, Behavior means to act in certain way in the given situations.

Who creates an organization?- An individual or

group of people who believe that they possess necessary skills and knowledge in order to form an organization to produce goods & services.

WHY DO WE STUDY OB?

To learn about yourself & how to deal with others. To know that you are part of organization and will continue to be part of various organizations. To know about individuals & group of people working together in teams. To study the expected behavior of an individual in the organization. As we know that no two individuals are likely to behave in the same manner in a particular work situation. To know about Cause and effect relationship which plays an important role in how an individual is likely to behave in a particular situation and its impact on productivity.

FOUNDATIONS OF OB
1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

It depends on following steps:Individual difference Whole person Behavior of individual Human dignity Social systems Mutuality of interests Holistic concept

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Individual difference:- People have much thing in common i.e they became excited by the arrival of new child in the family or they grieved by the loss of dear ones. Each person in this world is individually different in several ways whether it is intelligence, personality,or any other trait. Idea of difference comes from Psychology. From the day of birth each person is unique & individual difference after birth makes people even more different. It is because of individual differences , OB begins with the individual &ends with him . Only an individual
1.

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Can take responsibility & make decisions, a group by nature cannot do. It is therefore said that a group is powerless until individuals therein act. 2. Whole person:- When a person is appointed his/ her skills are not hired, but his/her background, likes/ dislikes etc are also hired. Person personal life cannot be separated from his professional. For this reason a person should have proper work life balance. They should not only strive hard to develop a better employee out of a worker but also a better person in terms of growth & fulfillment.

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3. Behavior of Individual:- Behavior of an individual is caused & not random. Its behavior is directed towards some one that the employees believes right/ wrong in his/her interests. Thus when a person comes late to office or abuses the boss there is some cause behind it. 4. Human dignity:- This concept is different from other 3, because it is more ethical approach than scientific conclusion. It tells us that people are supposed to be treated in different manner rather than other factors of production as they are of higher order in universe. They should be treated with respect & dignity. Every job however simple done by the common people should get respect & recognition for their skills & abilities.

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5. Social systems:- Organizations are social systems as it consists of human relationships interacting in many ways. It consists of all people from different backgrounds. As it is social systems their activities are governed by social as well as psychological laws. Two types of social systems exist in an organization:- Formal & Informal. It further states that organizational environment is one of the dynamic changes rather than static.. 6. Mutuality of interest:- It is presented by the statement that organizations needs people & people needs organization. They are formed on the basis of mutual interest among them. People watch organizations as a means for them to achieve goals, while at the same time

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Organizations need people to attained their objectives. If it lacks then organizations will never develop & growth is impossible. 7. Holistic concept:- When above 6 concepts are placed together a holistic concept emerges. It tells about people & organizations relationship in terms of whole person, whole organizations, & whole social systems.

DEFINITIONS

Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and organizational structure have on behavior within the organization, for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organizational effectiveness. The above definition has three main elements; first organizational behavior is an investigative study of individuals and groups, second, the impact of organizational structure on human behavior and the third, the application of knowledge to achieve organizational effectiveness.

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According to Robbins, OB is concerned with the study of the what people do in an organization & how that behavior affects the performance of the organizations. According to Luthans, OB is concerned with understanding, predicting & controlling human behavior in the organization. To sum up it comprises with individual behavior, group behavior & the organizational itself. Understanding the subject is complete when all the three aspects are studied carefully.

IMPORTANCE OF OB

People working in the organizations comes up with new hopes & dreams as well as their fears & frustrations. Such range of behavior makes life more confusing. It helps us to understand the workplace & to some extent predict what people will do under various conditions. It influences organizational events. Whether one is marketing specialist or computer programmer, he/she needs to know how to communicate effectively with other & manage conflicts, make better decisions, ensure commitments to ideas & helps teams to work effectively. It helps an person to understand himself/herself & then others so as to improve interpersonal relations.

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A manger in an establishement is always concerned with getting things done through delegations. They can get success when they can motivate their subordinates to work for better results. It helps in maintaining sound Industrial Relations. OB helps to understand the cause of the problems, predict its course of action & control its consequences. OB is also useful in the field of marketing; because it has to understand the human nature in order to sale products. The most popular reason to study OB is that the reader is interested in pursuing career in management & wants to learn how to predict behavior & apply it in some meaningful way to make organizations more effective.

SCOPE OF OB
The scope of the organizational behavior is as under: (a) Impact of personality on performance (b) Employee motivation (c) Leadership (d) How to create effective teams and groups. (e) Study of different organizational structures (f) Individual behavior, attitude and learning (g) Perception (h) Design and development of effective organization (i) Job design

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(j) Impact of culture on organizational behavior (k) Management of change (l) Management of conflict and stress (m) Organizational development (n) Organizational culture (o) Group behavior, power and politics (p) Job design (q) Study of emotions (r) Study of Feelings

FIVE MODELS OF OB
AUTOCRATIC (FIRST)

SOBC (FIFTH)

CUSTODIAL (SECOND)

COLLEGIAL (FOURTH)

SUPPORTIVE (THIRD)

AUTOCRATIC MODEL

Depends on power. Those who are in command must have power to demand- you do this or else. meaning that an employee who does not follow orders will be penalized. In an autocratic environment the managerial orientation is formal, official authority. This authority is delegated by right of command over the people to it applies. Under autocratic environment the employee is obedience to a boss, not respect for a manager. The psychological result for employees is dependence on their boss, whose power to hire, fire, and perspire them is almost absolute. Thus, the employee need that is met is subsistence (less for survival) & hence overall performance is low/minimal.

CUSTODIAL MODEL

The basis of this model is economic resources with a managerial orientation of money. The employees in turn are oriented towards security and benefits and dependence on the organization. The employee need that is met is security. It leads to employee dependence on the organization. Rather than being dependence on their boss for their weekly bread, employees now depend on organizations for their security and welfare. Employees working in a custodial environment become psychologically preoccupied with their economic rewards and benefits. As a result of their treatment, they are well maintained and contended. However, contentment (satisfaction)does not necessarily produce strong motivation; it may produce only passive cooperation.

SUPPORTIVE MODEL

The supportive model depends on leadership instead of power or money. Through leadership, management provides a climate to help employees grow and accomplish in the interests of the organization the things of which they are capable. The employees in turn are oriented towards job performance and participation. Psychological result is a feeling of participation and task involvement in the organization. Employees may say we instead of they Employees are strongly motivated because their status and recognition needs are better met, thus they have awakened drive for work.

COLLEGIAL MODEL

A useful extension of the supportive model is the collegial model. The term collegial relates to a body of people working together cooperatively. The basis of this model is partnership with a managerial orientation of teamwork.The result is that the employees feel needed and useful. For example employees produce quality work not because management tells them to do so or because the inspector will catch them if they do not, but because they feel inside themselves an obligation to provide others with high quality. They also feel an obligation to uphold quality standards that will bring credit to their jobs and company. The employees in turn are oriented towards responsible behavior and self-discipline.

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The employee need that is met is self-actualization. Employees normally feel some degree of fulfillment, worthwhile contribution, and self-actualization. This self-actualization will lead to moderate enthusiasm in performance.

SOBC MODEL

S-O-B-C stands for Stimulus, Organism(a person), Behavior and Consequence. For example :-I will define each part and give an example of it seperately Stimulus: is any event that happens in the environment, it can be a sound(like someone shouting) a scene(a car accident, a fight. etc...), events(like recieving a paycheck). Organism: is a person, nothing more can be said about this, so in OB you can consider that to be an employee or an employer. Behavior: the organism behavior and response in regards to the stimulus( for example a child(Organism) may hit(Behavior) his brother after seeing a violent movie(Stimulus). Consequence: is the the outcome that comes after the behavior, it either reinforces(thus repeated) the behavior or punished(thus not repeated).

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Consequence: is the outcome that comes after the behavior, it either reinforces(thus repeated) the behavior or punished(thus not repeated). In the child example previously mentioned, his mother can reprimand (Consequence: punishment) him for doing what he did.

THANK-YOU