SC ISC Training

Conductivity Products
REP SERV TRAINING
Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation
The Products - Conductivity

Analyzers:
EXA SC202
-Two-Wire Transmitter - 24 VDC - 4-20 mA Output (HART) - Fieldbus or Profibus
EXA SC402
- Four-Wire Analyzer - 110 VAC - NEMA 4X - Dual 4-20 mA Outputs - 4 Contact Relays - PI Control - USP23 Built-In
EXA DC402
- Two Inputs for Cond. - Four-Wire Analyzer - 110 VAC - NEMA 4X - Dual 4-20 mA Outputs - 4 Contact Relays - PI Control - USP23 Built-In
EXAxt SC450
- Four-Wire Analyzer - Intuitive Touch-Screen - Trend Graph Screen - 2 4-20mA / 4 Contacts - HART Communication - PID Control Function -USP23 Built-In -Class I, Div II
- Class I, Div I (II)

- FM, CSA, or ATEX - USP23 Built-In

Low-Cost 100 Series for Conductivity:
EXA SC100
- 1/4 DIN Panel M ount - Large Four Digit Display - Easy Automatic Calibration - 4-20mA / 2 Contacts - UL Rated (Pending)

Sensors:
SC42 (Small Bore: 12mm)

316SS body Insertion with NPT fitting or Triclamp Low Cost and Small Footprint Low Ranges Only
SC4A (Small Bore: 19mm)

316SS or Titanium body Insertion w/NPT fitting, Triclamp, or Retractable/w PR4A Mid-Price Quality Sensor Low Ranges Only
SC42 (Large Bore:30mm)

Variety of Materials Insertion, Immersion; Flow-Thru (with FF/FS40) Priced Higher -the BEST sensor for LOW and HIGH ranges
Why is Conductivity measured?

Used as a process control parameter. Used as an Alarm point indicator. Virtually maintenance free.
What is Electrolytic Conductivity?

Definition:
Specifi c Resista nce
Is
a Measure of the Ability of a Solution to Carry an Electric Current......(Charged Particles in Motion)

10 K 1 K 10 0 1 0 1
100 Meg.
10 Meg.
1 Meg .
100 K
OHM/ CM S/ CM
. 0 1 Specific
. 1
1 0
10 0
1,0 00
10,0 00
100, 000 1,000,000 10% H2S O4 3% NaO H
Conduct ance
Good Distil led Wate r
Ultra Pure Water
10 PPM NaCl
Oleum (nomi nal)
Sea Water (3.5% NaCl)
Sieme ns or Mhos
Natural Waters (typical)

What is A Standard Reference Cell?
Two Plates in a volume of Fluid. Different Volume =Different
Cell
Constant Same Fluid in a different volume will give a different conductivity reading.
Standard Reference Cell

1 cm
1 cm
A
1 cm
Length cm Cell Constant = ---------- = ---- -2 Area cm

FLOW
How is Conductivity The term Conductivity is derived from Measured? Ohms Law which is defined as:
E= I R
In other words when a voltage E is applied across an electrical conductor (water), then an electrical current I will flow which is dependent on the resistance R Alternating the conductor ( water). of
Current Conductivity is defined as the

B
reciprocal of resistance and it can be expressed as: G= I / R
A
FLOW
Increasing the amount of ions present in the fluid, increases the ability of the fluid to transport the electrical current. Conductivity goes up.
nductivity Cells Come In Different Siz

Small Size-12 MM OD Lowest Cost Low Conductivity Ranges Large Size-25 MM OD Higher Cost Lowest Conductivity Ranges and Highest Range
YE W
YOKOGA
Mo
Mid Size-19 MM OD Low Cost Lowest Conductivity Ranges

EXA Conductivity Analyzers and Available in both contacting and inductive Sensors
(electrodes) conductivity methods Accurate (0.5%) measurement Of everything from ultrapure water to highconcentration solutions in temperatures from -20C to 130C Auto-ranging Eliminates multiple sensor requirements and allows a single sensor to handle 0.055 S to 2,000,000 S Sensor Diagnostics Ensures measurement integrity and sensor quality in heavy scaling applications
EXA Conductivity Analyzers and Special Temperature Compensation Modes Sensors

Features non-linear correction for pure water and concentrated solutions (examples: HCl, NaOH, NH3), linear programmable coefficients and a 25-point programmable matrix
PI control (mA or pulse)
Eliminating the need for a separate controller
Event Logbook Function Used to record events like cell constant changes, calibrations and diagnostic messages
Inductive - Principle of Operation

Sample (Liquid Loop)
DRI VE COI L
Input Voltage To Coil
The Induced Current is Dependent on the Conductivity of the Sample
PICKU P COIL
DRIV E
PICKUP COIL
COIL
Sample (Liquid Loop)
Acts as a single turn winding

PROCESS FLUID
ISC40 - Key Features

ONE BORE SIZE The only sensor on the market that is able to measure from 0.6 uS to 2,000,000 uS with the same bore. The use of matched (patterned permeability) coils within the sensor permit unprecedented temperature stability and thus rangability. Since the matched coils respond in the exact manner to temperature swings, no accuracy is lost due to these temperature changes. TEMPERATURE SENSOR The temperature sensor provides a rapid temperature measurement and permits a rapid compensation for the effects of temperature on the conductivity measurement. AUTO ZEROING
Continuos auto zeroing (every 20 seconds), plus matched coils eliminates the need for
ISC40 - Other Benefits

STRAIN RELIEF Cable protection from twists and pulls during installation and calibration and gives longer life. 316 SS SHANK the 3166 shank goes all the way through the sensor. This makes it the strongest inductive sensor currently available a the one best able to handle water hammer, back pressure problems, surries, etc. PEEK PEEK or Poly ether ether ketone possess extremely valuable properties as a material of construction such as: the ability to handle continuos working temperatures of 250oC (482oF), being insoluble to all common solvents and
Inductive - Sensor Holders

Immersion Holder Flow Through Holder Sub-Assembly Holder
MNPT 316 Stainless Steel PVDF Polypropylene
Tri-Clover
Inductive - Sensor Holders

ISC40FD Immersion Holder
ISC40FD Immersion Holder
nductive - Sensors Pipe Mounting

Cabl e Nut 1 1/4NMPT 3/4G
Customer supplied Pipe 1 1/4 FNPT
3/4 G to 1 1/4MNPT
S2510046G1 PVDF S2510046F1 316 SS
Selection: Contacting Vs Inductive

Contacting Cells

All High Purity Applications Ranges Below 100 microsiemens All Ranges Except High Purity Above 100 microsiemens All % Concentration Ranges All Custom Ranges
Inductive Cells

Example - Ounces per Gallon
All Applications With Undissolved Solids
Match the Sensor to the Applicati on
Conductivity: Contacting
Full scale range 0 to 50, us/cm: No
Toroidal
Vs
Toroidal
- Lacks sensitivity
Contacting
Yes - Can measure down to high purity water
Process dirty or corrosive:
Yes - Resistant to fouling; corrosion resistant materials available
No - Very susceptible to fouling. Metal electrodes can corrode
Concentrated solutions:
Yes - Can measure highest conductivity possible
No - There can be polarization effects. Concentrated solutions tend to be fouling and corrosive
Major advantages:
Lower maintenance due to Fouling and corrosion resistance;High range capability
Sensitivity for low conductivity measurements Usually smaller and easier to mount.
Contacting Conductivity
YEW
YOKOGAWA
SC41/SP34
CONDUCTIVITY CELL
Measures Volume Resistivity

Required for High Purity Water Certified Cell Constant Wide Range Capability Quick Disconnect Installation Long Life Cell
EXA - Key Features

Autoranging = Rangeability
PURE S/cm
0.1 S
1000 mS
CONCENTRATION mS/cm
C = 10.0 C = 1.0 C = .01 & 0.1
Capacitance
Polarization
0.1 S 1000 mS
Selection of Wrong Cells Constants Causes problems

A B
Polarization
FLOW
Wrong Range (Current Density) Causes Problems

A B
Capacitance
B
A
A
FLOW
Auto Read Point Adjustment Alarms Upon Detection

A B
Auto Read Point
ALAR M
FLOW
SENSOR DIAGNOSTICS
YEW
YOKOGAWA
SC41/SP34
CONDUCTIVITY CELL
CONNECTIONS
FOULING
Same Basic Functionalit y as EXA pH

OUT OF PROCESS
Two Cell Measurements

YEW YOKOGAWA CONDUCTIVITY CELL SC41/SP34 YEW YOKOGAWA CONDUCTIVITY CELL SC4 1/SP34
Two cell inputs. Two measured outputs
or two calculations.
One measured output
& one calculation.
DC402 Analyzer
Conductivity Calibration
& Configuration Section
Conductivity Setup
Contacting and Inductive
Air Cal

All EXA SC202, SC402 , ISC402, IC200 and the EXAxt SC150 permit an Air Cal to be performed. With SC202,SC402 and SC150 Air Cal is done via the Access Codes. ISC402 and IC200 via front panel. the small zero current in the circuitry and needs to be performed only once during initial startup. The benefit of performing an Air Cal, is two fold.
The function of Air Cal is to compensate for
Special Inductive Issues

Always do a Installation Factor Adjustment When using a ISC40 FF flow through Fitting. ( Default is 1.7/cm.). The IF adjustment corrects the shape of the magnetic field so no contact is made with the ISC40FF walls.
magnetic field
Inductive Sensors -Installation Factor

Always ensure that the proper installation factor is used. See Access Code 02 ( ISC402) or Access Code 05 (IC200) for the proper value. With a ISC40FF- S (Stainless Steel) it is 1.55. For a ISC40P or ISC40F( Poly or Kynar) it is 1.7. Default is 1.7.
Pipe and vessel installations may however not give the 1 minimum clearance to use the default setting.
ISC40FF- S
Contacting and Inductive How To Calibrate
DOs
1. Always CLEAN and RINSE the Cell 2.Use FRESH CALIBRATION Solutions. 3.If working with low conductivity Solutions, clean the beakers with DI Water before pouring in Solutions. 4.Pick Calibration Solutions in the middle range of the for the cell constant if possible. 5.Ensure the discharge holes of cell are covered. 6. Follow proper grab sample calibration procedures.
Discharge Holes
DONTs
1.Do Not Calibrate With Extremely of Calibration The Frequency Low Conductivity Solutions Depends On: ( below 10 S). 2. Do Not wait before checking grab sample Process Solution Maintenance Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation values with low conductivity values.
Desired Accuracy
Inductive Special Issues
DONTs
1. Never allow the ISC40 Sensor to touch the bottom or the sides of the beaker that the calibration solution or grab sample is held in !! The shape of the magnetic fields (Installation Factor) is warped and a incorrect calibration will result. 2. If possible do not use the ISC40 in low conductivity solutions ( below 10 S).
DRIV E COIL PICKU P COIL
Magnetic Fields
APPLICATIONS Calibration of Conductivity
Correct calibration requires standard solutions. Works well on higher conductivity ranges (2000 S) Interferences are too high at low conductivity values ( below 100S) Carbon Dioxide from the air dissolves in the water and increases conductivity One Point Calibration
microsiemens 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.01
pH 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5
pH
Conductivity 0.1 1 % of air saturation 10 100
Conductivity - Calibration
GRAB SAMPLE METHOD
Changes in Process
HOL D
0.236
NaCL
conditions can be accounted for by proper grab sampling.
26.8C
Process
POWER HOL D CELL CON ST TEM P COEF F CAL RANG E
Bring a high quality lab unit or conductivity handheld to the process floor.
ENT
Run a sample stream.
CONDUCTIVI TY METER
Sample
This gives the same conductivity and process temperature as the process.
Sample Calibration of Conductivity

PROBLEM: Carbon Dioxide from the air dissolves in the water and increases conductivity and decreases pH value. The higher the agitation rate or longer the sample flows, the higher the ingress. Sample Calibration values will be high. Why? Carbon Dioxide from the air dissolves and forms Carbonic Acid.pH value changes and so does conductivity. SOLUTION: Slowly fill beaker by using small flex tubing, placed in bottom of beaker. This stops agitation and entrained ingress.
Carbon Dioxide Ingress
Sample Point
CONDUCTIVITY APPLICATIONS
APPLICATION Non Homogenous Applications S

Are Solutions that contain: Undissolved solids Air bubbles
Immiscible liquids (like solvents) Have lower conductivity because the impurities take up space that normally would have conductive liquid.
0 50 100 0 50 100
50
100
Just One Phase reads 100%
Uniform Distribution reads lower
Non-Uniform Distribution is noisy
APPLICATIO Conductivity Percent NS Concentration Curves
Good Sensors for application
Bad Sensors for application
Conductivity rises linearly with concentration in dilute solutions. Ions interfere with one another in concentrated solutions so conductivity may stop rising or actually fall.
APPLICATION S BOILER BLOWDOWN

pH T RA N SM IT TER
CONDENSATE RETURN LINE MAKE UP WATER LEVEL CONTROL

LOOP 1 20. 0
USER
ST EA M H EA DER
CO N DU CTI VI T Y T RA N SMI T TER
TIC-1076 FAIL ALM % DO C
8. 19 PV: 13. 0
SV:
05.0
MV:
0.0
C
SHIFT
0
YOKOGAWA
STEA M DRU M PRETREATMENT, CLARIFIER, SOFTENER OR DEIONIZER BO IL ER FEED WA T ER
CO N DU CTI VI T Y SENSO R
Y OKOG Y E CONDUCTIVIT AWA W SC41/SP Y CELL 34
Good Sensors for application

DEAERATOR A U TO M A TI C V A LV E MA N U A L V A LV E
FEEDWATER CHEMICAL TREATMENT
CO N TIN U O U S O R SU RFA CE BLO WDO WN LIN E
Bad Sensors for application
BO TT O M BLO WDO WN L IN E
Typical Ultrapure Water System

CC = Cation Conductivity CR = Cation Ratio (2 Sensors) pH = pH Measurement RO = Reverse Osmosis Passage/Rejection (2 Sensors) SC = Specific Conductivity
Key
RO Inlet Stream
Cation CR
Anion pH SC pH SC Mixed Bed pH SC Deion Storage SC
RO
POWER/ BOILERS
Cation RO CR
Anion pH SC Exhaust Steam Turbine Condenser
Return Condensate
Sample Cooler SC Cation Column CC
Steam Polisher Deaerator pH SC Boiler
SC
Return Condensate
Ultrapure Water Cycle, cont.d...

Reverse Osmosis Filters Conductivity: Ratio or % Passage/Rejection (two sensors) pH occasionally, for membrane life Demineralizers: Cation, Anion, Mixed Bed Cation Cation Conductivity (two sensors in ratio) Charged Cation Beads remove (change to acid) positive Ions and release H+ into stream Cation Conductivity has special Temp Comp to take the H+ into account % Concentration (1 sensor) Beads are regenerated with acid (typically HCL or H2SO4)
Ultrapure Water Cycle, cont.d..

Anion Specific Conductivity (1 or 2 sensors) Charged Beads remove (change to water) negative ions % Concentration (1 sensor) Beads are regenerated with Caustic (NaOH) pH also, occasionally Completeness of after-regeneration Rinse Mixed Bed (Polisher) Specific Conductivity (1 sensor) Removal of both + & - Ions (fine cleaning, < 0.1 uS/cm) pH occasionally for complete monitoring
Ultrapure Water Cycle, cont.d..

Deion Storage Specific Conductivity (1 sensor) Ensure Water Quality after storage Second Polisher Specific Conductivity Final cleaning (Boiler applications)
Ultrapure Water Cycle Analyzer Summary

Boiler Steam & Water Cycle, Measurement Points
Re Sample Point 1. Boiler Blowdown Measurement Specific cond 0-1000 microS pH to purity 8-11 Specific cond 0-1 microS pH hi-purity 6-8 Cation cond 0-2 microS pH hi-purity 6-8 Cation cond 0-10 microS pH hi-purity 8-11 Reason Control TDS Scale & Corrosion Demineralizer Regeneration Demineralizer Regeneration Superheater contamination Superheater contamination HP heater contamination Anti-corrosion check Instrument ISC402 & ISC40 ISC402 & ISC40 SC402 /SC200 & SC42-SP34 PH402/PH202 & FF20/FS20 w / -SE option DC402/SC402 /SC200 & SC42-SP34 PH402/PH202 & FF20/FS20 w / -SE option DC402/SC402 /SC200 & SC42-SP34 PH402/PH202 & FF20/FS20 w / -SE option
2. Demineralizer Outlet
3. Superheater Outlet
4. Economiser Inlet

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Conductivity Products

REP SERV TRAINING

Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation

The Products - Conductivity

- Class I, Div I (II)

The Products - Conductivity

Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation

The Products - Conductivity

SC42 (Small Bore: 12mm)

SC4A (Small Bore: 19mm)

SC42 (Large Bore:30mm)

Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation

Why is Conductivity measured?

Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation

What is Electrolytic Conductivity?

a Measure of the Ability of a Solution to Carry an Electric Current......(Charged Particles in Motion)

100, 000 1,000,000 10% H2S O4 3% NaO H

Ultra Pure Water

Oleum (nomi nal)

Sea Water (3.5% NaCl)

Natural Waters (typical)

What is A Standard Reference Cell?

Two Plates in a volume of Fluid. Different Volume =Different

Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation

Standard Reference Cell

Length cm Cell Constant = ---------- = ---- -2 Area cm

Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation

Current Conductivity is defined as the

reciprocal of resistance and it can be expressed as: G= I / R

Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation

nductivity Cells Come In Different Siz

Mid Size-19 MM OD Low Cost Lowest Conductivity Ranges

EXA Conductivity Analyzers and Special Temperature Compensation Modes Sensors

Eliminating the need for a separate controller

Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation

Inductive - Principle of Operation

Input Voltage To Coil

The Induced Current is Dependent on the Conductivity of the Sample

Sample (Liquid Loop)

Acts as a single turn winding

ISC40 - Key Features

ISC40 - Other Benefits

Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation

Inductive - Sensor Holders

MNPT 316 Stainless Steel PVDF Polypropylene

Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation

Inductive - Sensor Holders

ISC40FD Immersion Holder

Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation

nductive - Sensors Pipe Mounting

S2510046G1 PVDF S2510046F1 316 SS

Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation

Selection: Contacting Vs Inductive

Example - Ounces per Gallon

All Applications With Undissolved Solids

Match the Sensor to the Applicati on

Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation

Process dirty or corrosive:

Yes - Resistant to fouling; corrosion resistant materials available

No - Very susceptible to fouling. Metal electrodes can corrode

Yes - Can measure highest conductivity possible

Lower maintenance due to Fouling and corrosion resistance;High range capability

Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation